Is exposure to secondhand smoke associated with current depression (PHQ-8) among never-smokers? Results from a survey among German adults

Table 2 Results of the multivariable logistic regression model with current depression (PHQ-8 ≥ 10) as the dependent variable (data from the 2014/2015 German Health Update [GEDA] survey on all never-smokers; n = 10,274; main effects model, no interaction effects included)

		Odds Ratio	p-value	95% confidence interval
Exposure to SHS	Never or almost never (ref.)	*1.00*
	Less than 1 h per day	1.22	0.154	0.93	1.61
	1 h per day or more	1.59⁸	0.018	1.08	2.35
Sex	Male (ref.)	1.00
Sex	Female	1.61*	< 0.001	1.35	1.92
Age	(in 5-year groups)	0.95*	< 0.001	0.92	0.97
Partnership status	With a partner (ref.)	1.00
Partnership status	Without a partner	1.49*	< 0.001	1.26	1.76
Socioeconomic status	Low (ref.)	1.00
	Medium	0.72	0.001	0.58	0.88
	High	0.52*	< 0.001	0.41	0.67
Social support (OSS 3)	Low support (ref.)	1.00
	Moderate support	0.34*	< 0.001	0.28	0.40
	High support	0.20*	< 0.001	0.16	0.25
Place of residence	Western Germany (ref.)	1.00
Place of residence	Eastern Germany	0.91*	0.327	0.75	1.10
Degree of urbanization	District-free city (ref.)	1.00
	Urban district	0.81	0.039	0.67	0.99
	Rural district with densely populated area	0.90	0.381	0.71	1.14
	Sparsely populated rural district	0.90	0.398	0.71	1.14
Presence of chronic diseases	Yes (ref.)	1.00
Presence of chronic diseases	No	0.28*	< 0.001	0.24	0.34
Body mass index	25 or higher (ref.)	1.00
Body mass index	Less than 25	0.93	0.425	0.79	1.10
Alcohol consumption	No regular consumption (ref.)	1.00
	No weekly risky consumption	0.63*	< 0.001	0.52	0.77
	Risky consumption	0.80	0.120	0.61	1.06

SHS Secondhand smoke, OSS 3 Oslo Social Support Scale 3, PHQ Patient Health Questionnaire, ref. reference category
* statistically significant at 5%-level

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