Table 2 Comparison of studies examining pesticides in breastmilk from India (2006–2018)
Reference, location of study | Samples analyzed (n) | Sample type & [range] detected | LODs, LOQs, ADIs | Extraction protocol, matrix volume & analytical method |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Kumar, Dayal, Shukla, Singh, Joseph, 2006 [45] Agra, India | 32 | Breastmilk: DDTs: 0.17–0.179 mg/kg HCH: 0.123–0.131 mg/kg | LODs: 0.001 μg/mL LOQs: 0.01 μg/mL | USEPA method (1980) [46] and Ejobi et al., 1996 [47] 20 mL milk GC-ECD |
Kumar, Baroth, Soni, Bhatnagar & John, 2006 [17] Rajasthan, India | 50 | Breastmilk: Rural: 5.0625 mg/L Urban: 3.243 mg/L Blood: Rural: 4.608 mg/L Urban: 3.777 mg/L | Not reported | Takei et al., 1983 (milk) [48] Bush et al., 1984 (blood) [49] GC-ECD |
Devanathan et al., 2009 [50] New Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai | 64 | Breastmilk: DDT: 47–1200 ng/g lw HCH: 6.3–1900 ng/g lw | Not reported | Kuniseu et al., (2004) [51] 10 g milk GC-ECD |
Mishra & Sharma, 2011 [52] Assam, India | 205 | Breastmilk: ΣDDT: 2870 ± 1570, 3210 ± 2080 ng/g lw ΣHCH: 2330 ± 1160, 2720 ± 2140 ng/g lw | LOD: 0.001 ng/g LOQ: DDT: 0.01–0.2 ng/g lw HCH: 0.02–0.3 ng/g lw ADIs: DDT: 16–18 μg/kg bw/day HCHs: 13–15 μg/kg bw/day | Dua et al., (1997) [53] GC-ECD |
Maurya, Kumar Joseph, 2013 [54] Uttar Pradesh, India | 10 | Breastmilk: ΣDDT: 158 ng/mL | LOD: 0.001 μg/mL LOQ:0.01 μg/mL | Ejobi et al., 1996 [47] 5 mL LC-ECD |
Bedi, Gill, Aulakh, Kaur, Sharma & Pooni, 2013 [29] Punjab, India | 53 | Breastmilk: ΣDDT: 1914.2 ng/g lw (63% DDE) ΣHCH: 199.6 ng/g lw | LOD: 1 ng/g on whole milk basis | Battu et al., (2004) [55] 5 mL GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS |
Sharma, Gill, Bedi & Pooni, 2014 [30] Punjab, India | 127 | Breastmilk: DDE: ND – 43.19 ng/g (9 > PTDI) HCH: ND – 133.88 ng/g (11 > PTDI) | LOD: 1 ng/g on whole milk | Battu et al., (2004) [55] 5 g milk GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS |
Sharma, Sharma, Chandel, & Wise, 2016 [56] Himachal Pradesh | 153 | Breastmilk: DDE: BDL – 0.064 mg/L DDT: BDL – 0.018 mg/L Mean ΣDDT: 0.145 mg/kg fat (n = 27% +) Mean DDE: 0.138 mg/kg fat (n = 27% +) Mean DDT: 0.005 mg/kg fat (n = 1.31% +) | LOQ: 0.005–0.001 mg/kg | QuEChERS method developed 10 mL milk GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS (SRM) |
Bawa et al., 2018 [31] Bathinda, Ludiana, Punjab | 150 | Breastmilk: DDT: 415.3–519.2 ng/g lw ΣDDTs: 519.2 ± 1017.4 ng/g (ND – 4583.1) 415.3 ± 846.32 ng/g (ND – 3212.5) | LOD: 8–20 ng/g | Battu et al., (2004) [55] 10 mL milk GC-ECD Confirmed with GC-MS |