Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study sample, stratified by urban vs rural settings, n (%)
Characteristic | Total (n = 13,413) | Urban (n = 5639) | Rural (n = 7774) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Road type | ||||
unpaved roads | 3104 (23.14) | 1001 (17.75) | 2103 (27.05) | < 0.0001 |
paved roads | 8767 (65.36) | 4173 (74.00) | 4594 (59.09) | |
others | 1541 (11.50) | 465 (8.54) | 1077 (13.85) | |
Primary care institutions | ||||
0 | 3226 (24.05) | 1333 (23.64) | 1893 (24.35) | 0.07 |
1 | 5188 (38.68) | 2210 (39.19) | 2978 (38.31) | |
2 | 3098 (23.10) | 1339 (23.75) | 1759 (22.63) | |
≥ 3 | 1901 (14.17) | 757 (13.42) | 1144 (14.72) | |
Groundwater system | ||||
no | 9495 (70.79) | 3290 (58.34) | 6205 (79.82) | < 0.0001 |
yes | 3918 (29.21) | 2349 (41.66) | 1569 (20.18) | |
Sex | ||||
men | 6431 (47.95) | 2660 (47.17) | 3771 (48.51) | 0.13 |
women | 6982 (52.05) | 2979 (52.83) | 4003 (51.49) | |
Age, years a | 59.09 (±10.16) | 58.91 (±10.14) | (59.21 (±10.18) | < 0.0001 |
Marital status | ||||
married | 10,741 (80.08) | 4475 (79.36) | 6266 (80.60) | 0.08 |
other | 2672 (19.92) | 1164 (20.64) | 1508 (19.40) | |
Education attainment | ||||
illiteracy | 3672 (27.38) | 1543 (27.36) | 2129 (27.39) | 0.67 |
some primary school | 2371 (17.68) | 1019 (18.07) | 1352 (17.39) | |
primary school | 2895 (21.58) | 1195 (21.19) | 1700 (21.87) | |
junior school or above | 4475 (33.36) | 1882 (33.37) | 2593 (33.35) | |
Household income (quartile) | ||||
1st (the poorest) | 3218 (23.99) | 1477 (26.19) | 1741 (22.40) | < 0.0001 |
2nd | 3466 (25.84) | 1363 (24.17) | 2103 (27.05) | |
3rd | 3345 (24.94) | 1418 (25.15) | 1927 (24.79) | |
4th (the richest) | 3384 (25.23) | 1381 (24.49) | 2003 (25.77) | |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
< 18.5 | 935 (6.97) | 358 (6.35) | 577 (7.42) | < 0.001 |
≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 8362 (62.34) | 3449 (61.16) | 4913 (63.20) | |
≥ 25 and < 30 (overweight) | 3462 (25.81) | 1532 (27.17) | 1930 (24.83) | |
≥ 30 (obese) | 654 (4.88) | 300 (5.32) | 354 (4.55) | |
Health care insurance | ||||
uninsured | 893 (6.66) | 375 (6.65) | 518 (6.66) | 0.14 |
RCMI | 9771 (72.85) | 4063 (72.05) | 570 (73.42) | |
others | 2749 (20.50) | 1201 (21.30) | 1548 (19.91) | |
Physical activity | ||||
never | 12,686 (94.58) | 5144 (91.22) | 7542 (97.02) | < 0.0001 |
seldom | 112 (0.84) | 75 (1.33) | 37 (0.48) | |
a weekly basis | 129 (0.96) | 88 (1.56) | 41 (0.53) | |
a daily basis | 486 (3.62) | 332 (5.89) | 154 (1.98) | |