Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression examining opioid misuse and/or use disorder: 2017–2018 NSDUH

 18–25 years old

4.06

1.53

10.77

0.006

4.08

1.54

10.85

0.006

2.52

0.96

6.63

0.060

1.69

0.60

4.73

0.311

 26–34 years old

6.65

2.55

17.30

0.000

4.58

1.74

12.11

0.003

2.88

1.12

7.43

0.029

2.07

0.78

5.49

0.142

 35–49 years old

4.43

1.71

11.46

0.003

2.99

1.14

7.81

0.026

2.06

0.80

5.33

0.132

1.75

0.65

4.70

0.261

 50–64 years old

3.57

1.47

8.69

0.006

2.65

1.09

6.47

0.033

2.30

0.95

5.55

0.065

1.90

0.73

4.92

0.182

 65 years and older

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 Male

1.45

1.13

1.85

0.004

1.02

0.82

1.27

0.855

1.26

1.00

1.59

0.055

1.17

0.90

1.52

0.241

 Female

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 Non-Hispanic White

4.31

1.89

9.84

0.001

3.16

1.37

7.33

0.008

2.87

1.18

6.97

0.021

2.23

0.87

5.76

0.095

 Non-Hispanic Black/African American

1.90

0.72

5.00

0.189

1.40

0.53

3.74

0.493

1.46

0.52

4.09

0.463

1.47

0.49

4.42

0.482

 Native American/Alaska Native

3.87

1.47

10.19

0.007

2.49

0.93

6.63

0.067

2.53

0.91

7.01

0.074

1.65

0.53

5.10

0.376

 Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

1.66

0.31

8.88

0.547

1.55

0.30

7.98

0.592

1.47

0.27

7.95

0.647

1.06

0.19

5.75

0.949

 Non-Hispanic more than one race

4.60

1.67

12.67

0.004

2.99

1.04

8.63

0.043

2.40

0.79

7.27

0.119

1.95

0.60

6.33

0.258

 Hispanic

1.56

0.69

3.55

0.281

1.40

0.60

3.24

0.425

1.34

0.56

3.19

0.506

1.38

0.55

3.46

0.486

 Non-Hispanic Asian

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 Lesbian or gay

1.04

0.59

1.83

0.887

0.99

0.55

1.78

0.978

0.71

0.40

1.27

0.243

0.56

0.28

1.09

0.088

 Bisexual

1.96

1.36

2.81

0.001

1.75

1.24

2.48

0.002

0.99

0.69

1.44

0.965

0.80

0.51

1.26

0.333

 Heterosexual, i.e., straight

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 Less than high school

2.93

1.81

4.75

0.000

2.11

1.30

3.43

0.003

1.58

0.97

2.57

0.067

1.21

0.71

2.07

0.484

 High school grad

2.59

1.65

4.05

0.000

1.99

1.28

3.09

0.003

1.55

1.00

2.41

0.049

1.34

0.79

2.28

0.268

 Some college/associate’s degree

2.08

1.32

3.26

0.002

1.61

1.02

2.53

0.040

1.28

0.82

2.02

0.272

1.19

0.71

1.99

0.496

 College graduate

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 In a CBSA > 1 million

1.26

0.84

1.88

0.257

1.31

0.87

1.98

0.187

1.31

0.86

2.02

0.208

1.31

0.83

2.07

0.242

 In a CBSA < 1 million

1.15

0.79

1.67

0.450

1.18

0.81

1.71

0.392

1.14

0.78

1.68

0.483

1.16

0.78

1.73

0.450

 Not in a CBSA

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 Less than $20,000

2.24

1.53

3.28

0.000

1.84

1.26

2.67

0.002

1.06

0.73

1.56

0.741

0.83

0.55

1.27

0.390

 $20,000–$49,999

1.58

1.13

2.21

0.009

1.40

1.00

1.96

0.051

0.93

0.67

1.30

0.679

0.85

0.59

1.22

0.374

 $50,000–$74,999

1.32

0.91

1.92

0.145

1.22

0.83

1.79

0.311

1.01

0.68

1.49

0.966

0.91

0.59

1.40

0.649

 $75,000 or more

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 Employed full/part-time

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

–

 Unemployed

3.02

2.17

4.21

0.000

2.80

2.02

3.88

0.000

1.89

1.34

2.65

0.000

1.47

0.99

2.16

0.054

 Retired

0.71

0.28

1.84

0.478

0.73

0.28

1.88

0.509

0.60

0.24

1.47

0.256

0.62

0.24

1.63

0.324

 Disabled

2.68

1.67

4.30

0.000

2.31

1.42

3.77

0.001

1.01

0.62

1.67

0.952

1.07

0.63

1.83

0.797

 Other

1.58

1.17

2.14

0.003

1.65

1.21

2.25

0.002

1.36

1.00

1.86

0.049

1.24

0.86

1.79

0.252

5.40

4.26

6.84

0.000

4.19

3.34

5.25

0.000

2.58

1.98

3.37

0.000

 Fair/poor

4.58

2.89

7.26

0.000

3.71

2.19

6.29

0.000

 Good

4.06

2.76

5.96

0.000

3.43

2.20

5.34

0.000

 Very good

2.94

2.07

4.16

0.000

2.75

1.90

3.98

0.000

 Excellent

ref.

–

–

–

ref.

–

–

No Private Health Insurance

2.29

1.73

3.04

0.000

2.12

1.55

2.89

0.000

4.20

3.25

5.44

0.000

3.05

2.20

4.23

0.000

Suicidality in Past Year ^a

2.14

1.64

2.79

0.000

1.58

1.17

2.14

0.004

Nicotine Dependence ^a

3.01

2.30

3.93

0.000

Alcohol Dependence or Abuse ^a

1.40

1.02

1.92

0.038

Marijuana Dependence or Abuse ^a

2.24

1.40

3.58

0.001

Cocaine Dependence or Abuse ^a

3.92

2.14

7.17

0.000

Inhalant Dependence or Abuse ^a

1.80

0.23

14.23

0.571

3.32

1.96

5.64

0.000

Tranquilizer Dependence or Abuse ^a

16.72

9.75

28.65

0.000

Stimulant Dependence or Abuse ^a

2.45

1.03

5.87

0.044

Sedative Dependence or Abuse ^a

3.16

0.52

19.21

0.206