Table 12 Multivariate results (ATE) based on the dose-response analysis (base category = unaware and unexposed to SKY)
From: Evaluation of a multimedia youth anti-smoking and girls’ empowerment campaign: SKY Girls Ghana
Outcome | Outcome indicator | Exposed to 4+ | Exposed to 1–3 | Unexposed but aware | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Marginal Effect | Std Err | Marginal Effect | Std Err | Marginal Effect | Std Err | ||
1. Girls are part of supportive ‘sistahood’ | Perception of sources of social support outside the family | 0.028 | (0.645) | 0.044 | (0.271) | −0.014 | (0.767) |
Perception that friends support their decisions | 0.069 | (0.177) | 0.008 | (0.844) | 0.046 | (0.377) | |
Perception of acceptance when saying no to friends | −0.021 | (0.708) | − 0.021 | (0.527) | −0.062 | (0.315) | |
Perception of pressure to smoke shisha (−) | −0.067 | (0.237) | −0.026 | (0.466) | 0.076 | (0.175) | |
Perception of pressure to smoke cigarettes (−) | − 0.081 | (0.163) | − 0.040 | (0.325) | 0.049 | (0.412) | |
2. Girls connect, share, explore issues | Held conversations with friends about smoking | 0.096 | (0.104) | 0.042 | (0.296) | −0.004 | (0.953) |
Held conversations with adults about smoking | 0.144* | (0.021) | −0.065 | (0.243) | −0.013 | (0.868) | |
3. Girls express themselves through choices they make | Perception of being able to make choices for themselves | 0.238** | (0.002) | 0.120* | (0.019) | 0.074 | (0.366) |
4. Girls model refusal skills | Perception of confidence when saying no to friends | 0.165 | (0.057) | −0.047 | (0.334) | − 0.155 | (0.195) |
5. Reduced aspiration to smoke | Agreement with beliefs that favor smoking shisha (a) | −0.022 | (0.713) | 0.001 | (0.982) | −0.072 | (0.299) |
Agreement with beliefs that favor smoking cigarettes (a) | 0.046 | (0.354) | 0.036 | (0.356) | 0.002 | (0.975) | |
Agreement with the idea that peers can justify smoking shisha (a) | −0.160** | (0.002) | −0.101** | (0.006) | 0.031 | (0.579) | |
Agreement with the idea that peers can justify smoking cigarettes (a) | −0.076 | (0.173) | −0.031 | (0.424) | 0.057 | (0.303) | |
Perception that most peers smoke tobacco (−) | 0.029 | (0.614) | 0.023 | (0.495) | 0.050 | (0.425) | |
Perception that most peers smoke shisha (−) | 0.052 | (0.282) | 0.068 | (0.073) | 0.017 | (0.758) | |