Table 2 Risk perception based on the EPPM by demographic characteristic (N = 3727)
| Â | Efficacy | Defensive response | Threats | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-efficacy | Response efficacy | Denial | Reactance | Avoidance | Susceptibility | Severity | |
Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |
Age (years) | |||||||
 15–29 | 65.6 (17.2) | 84.0 (11.3) | 23.2 (18.9) | 19.8 (20.2) | 31.1 (27.2) | 65.5 (19.6) | 76.4 (14.5) |
 30–44 | 65.6 (17.2) | 83.5 (11.1) | 22.0 (16.0) | 19.2 (17.9) | 26.6 (22.3) | 69.1 (17.7) | 77.1 (13.4) |
 45–59 | 68.3 (16.5) | 84.2 (10.9) | 21.3 (16.2) | 18.9 (17.2) | 24.3 (20.5) | 67.7 (16.8) | 77.0 (13.3) |
 60+ | 69.4 (16.9) | 83.7 (11.0) | 23.0 (17.5) | 22.0 (17.6) | 24.1 (16.9) | 68.8 (16.3) | 76.0 (14.0) |
P-value | <.0001 | 0.473 | 0.134 | 0.309 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.539 |
Gender | |||||||
 Female | 67.6 (17.4) | 85.0 (10.7) | 22.0 (16.5) | 17.5 (17.0) | 26.0 (23.0) | 66.1 (19.1) | 76.9 (13.8) |
 Male | 66.4 (16.8) | 82.7 (11.3) | 22.3 (17.3) | 21.1 (19.4) | 28.0 (23.4) | 69.3 (17.2) | 76.9 (14.1) |
P-value | 0.055 | 0.087 | 0.366 | 0.001 | 0.015 | <.0001 | 0.56 |
Educational status | |||||||
 Primary | 68.1 (18.3) | 81.7 (13.3) | 29.2 (21.7) | 25.8 (22.6) | 31.9 (27.4) | 59.2 (21.0) | 74.3 (15.5) |
 Secondary | 68.7 (16.5) | 83.5 (10.9) | 24.8 (18.0) | 20.5 (19.0) | 28.0 (24.1) | 64.5 (19.1) | 76.0 (13.8) |
 Higher | 66.3 (17.2) | 84.0 (10.9) | 20.7 (15.9) | 18.4 (17.6) | 27.2 (23.2) | 69.6 (17.3) | 77.4 (13.9) |
P-value | 0.001 | 0.011 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.002 | <.0001 | 0.001 |
Marital status | |||||||
 Single | 68.3 (16.9) | 83.8 (10.9) | 23.3 (18.4) | 20.0 (20.1) | 30.7 (25.9) | 65.2 (20.2) | 76.4 (14.3) |
 Married | 66.6 (17.2) | 83.9 (11.0) | 21.7 (16.4) | 19.1 (17.7) | 25.9 (22.2) | 68.6 (17.4) | 77.1 (13.8) |
 Widowed/Divorced | 63.3 (13.5) | 78.5 (13.8) | 26.9 (22.6) | 21.5 (20.4) | 32.7 (24.4) | 62.7 (20.0) | 74.4 (14.8) |
P-value | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.017 | 0.355 | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.224 |
Economic status | |||||||
 Poor | 63.1 (18.0) | 81.6 (13.0) | 23.9 (16.9) | 20.8 (18.7) | 27.8 (24.4) | 67.5 (18.6) | 77.9 (14.1) |
 Intermediate | 66.4 (16.5) | 83.6 (10.3) | 22.0 (16.4) | 19.6 (18.2) | 27.1 (22.7) | 67.9 (17.7) | 76.5 (13.6) |
 Good | 71.1 (17.0) | 85.9 (10.7) | 21.2 (18.1) | 17.7 (17.7) | 26.6 (23.2) | 67.6 (19.0) | 77.2 (14.7) |
P-value | <.0001 | <.0001 | 0.007 | 0.003 | 0.603 | 0.841 | 0.050 |
Living condition | |||||||
 Urban | 67.0 (17.1) | 83.7 (11.1) | 22.1 (16.8) | 19.5 (18.3) | 27.3 (23.2) | 67.7 (18.2) | 77.0 (14.0) |
 Rural | 67.8 (18.5) | 84.7 (10.1) | 22.1 (19.5) | 16.5 (18.3) | 23.1 (22.3) | 68.1 (18.2) | 74.8 (13.2) |
P-value | .051 | .55 | 1.00 | .051 | 0.033 | 0.817 | 0.066 |