Table 3 Risk factors associated with the incident PI
Variables | RR(95%CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
Age (years) | ||
 45–60 | Ref | Ref |
 60–75 | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.46) | 0.02 |
  ≥ 75 | 1.65 (1.21 to 2.26) | < 0.001 |
 Female | 0.92 (0.73 to 1.14) | 0.44 |
 Urban | 0.73 (0.6. to 0.90) | < 0.001 |
 Having a spouse | 0.82 (0.67 to 1.01) | 0.06 |
Education levels | ||
 Illiteracy | Ref | Ref |
 Elementary school | 0.92 (0.76 to 1.11) | 0.37 |
 Middle/high school | 0.83 (0.65 to 1.06) | 0.13 |
 College or above | 0.39 (0.16 to 0.93) | 0.03 |
 Currently working | 0.67 (0.55 to 0.83) | < 0.001 |
PCE | ||
 1/5 | Ref | Ref |
 2/5 | 0.91 (0.72 to 1.15) | 0.43 |
 3/5 | 1.01 (0.80 to 1.28) | 0.94 |
 4/5 | 0.84 (0.65 to 1.07) | 0.15 |
 5/5 | 0.84 (0.64 to 1.09) | 0.19 |
 Public facilities | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.07) | 0.02 |
BMI levels | ||
 Underweight | 1.08 (0.78 to 1.48) | 0.65 |
 Normal | Ref | Ref |
 Overweight | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.37) | 0.13 |
 Obese | 1.24 (0.97 to 1.58) | 0.09 |
 NCDs | 0.99 (0.83 to 1.18) | 0.93 |
Smoking status | ||
 Never | Ref | Ref |
 Quit | 0.95 (0.69 to 1.31) | 0.75 |
 Yes | 1.00 (0.8 to 1.24) | 0.98 |
Alcohol | ||
 Never | Ref | Ref |
  < Once a month | 1.00 (0.74 to 1.36) | 1.00 |
  > Once in a month | 0.85 (0.69 to 1.06) | 0.14 |
 ADL/IADL disabilities | 1.22 (1.03 to 1.46) | 0.03 |