Table 3 Items Included in Beliefs Scores

Positively-framed Beliefs ^a

Positively-framed Beliefs ^c

1. These days, many people with cancer can expect to live normal lives

1. Cancer screening could reduce my chances of dying from cancer.

2. Cancer can often be cured

2. Cancer screenings are now very routine tests

3. Going to the doctor as quickly as possible after noticing a symptom of cancer could increase chances of surviving

3. I would be more likely to participate in screening if my doctor told me how important it was

4. Regular cancer screening would give me a feeling of control over my health

Negatively-framed Beliefs ^b

Negatively-framed Beliefs ^d

4. Some people think that a diagnosis of cancer is a death sentence. To what extent do you agree or disagree with them?

5. I would be so worried about what might be found during screening, that I would prefer not to do it

5. Most cancer treatment is worse than the cancer itself

6. Cancer screening tests have a high risk of leading to unnecessary surgery

6. I would not want to know if I have cancer

7. If I have a healthy lifestyle, I don’t need to worry about having regular cancer screening

8. Cancer screening is only necessary if I have symptoms