Table 1 Weighted Distributions of the Study Sample, CLHLS, 2002–2014
Total | Rural | Urban | Total | Rural | Urban | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sample # | 28,235 | 17,170 | 11,046 | Family/Social Support (continued) | |||
First talking-to-person when needed | |||||||
Death in 2002–2014a | 31.8 | 33.4 | 28.5*** | Spouse | 49.5 | 48.0 | 52.9*** |
Urban-rural residence | Child/relative | 25.0 | 25.3 | 24.3*** | |||
Rural | 32.0 | 100.0 | – | Friend | 22.6 | 23.7 | 20.0*** |
Urban | 68.0 | – | 100.0 | Social worker/housekeeper | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.9*** |
Demographic Background | Nobody | 2.4 | 2.4 | 1.9*** | |||
Mean Age | 71.9 | 72.0 | 71.7*** | Health Behaviors | |||
Sex | Level of leisure activity | ||||||
Women | 50.4 | 50.2 | 50.9 | Low | 8.7 | 9.4 | 7.1*** |
Men | 49.6 | 49.8 | 49.1 | Intermediate | 51.2 | 54.2 | 44.5*** |
Ethnicity | High | 40.2 | 36.4 | 48.4*** | |||
Non-Han | 6.9 | 7.8 | 4.8*** | Currently smoking | |||
Han | 93.1 | 92.2 | 95.2*** | No | 72.8 | 72.4 | 73.7 |
Socioeconomic Factors | Yes | 27.2 | 27.6 | 26.3 | |||
Years of schooling | Ever engaged in physical labor | ||||||
0 | 46.5 | 52.1 | 34.6*** | No | 15.6 | 8.9 | 29.9*** |
1–6 | 38.3 | 38.2 | 38.4*** | Yes | 84.4 | 91.1 | 70.1*** |
7+ | 15.2 | 9.7 | 27.0*** | Health Conditions | |||
Economic independence | IADL disabled | ||||||
No | 47.9 | 55.3 | 32.2*** | No | 68.8 | 67.5 | 71.5*** |
Yes | 52.1 | 44.7 | 67.8*** | Yes | 31.2 | 32.5 | 28.5*** |
White-collar occupation | ADL disabled | ||||||
No | 87.0 | 92.7 | 74.7*** | No | 93.8 | 94.3 | 92.8** |
Yes | 13.0 | 7.3 | 25.3*** | Yes | 6.2 | 5.7 | 7.2** |
Family economic condition | Cognitively impaired | ||||||
Not good | 84.3 | 85.9 | 81.0*** | No | 88.0 | 86.7 | 91.0*** |
Good | 15.7 | 14.1 | 19.0*** | Yes | 12.0 | 13.3 | 9.0*** |
Got adequate access to healthcare | Has 1+ chronic disease | ||||||
No | 7.7 | 9.1 | 4.7*** | No | 42.1 | 65.4 | 35.0*** |
Yes | 92.3 | 90.9 | 95.3*** | Yes | 57.9 | 54.6 | 65.0*** |
Family/Social Support | Survey Year | ||||||
Currently married | 2002 | 48.0 | 48.1 | 47.9*** | |||
No | 34.8 | 35.6 | 33.0* | 2005 | 18.0 | 15.8 | 22.6*** |
Yes | 65.2 | 64.4 | 67.0* | 2008 | 24.1 | 23.3 | 25.7*** |
Close proximity to children | 2011 | 9.9 | 12.8 | 3.8*** | |||
No | 15.7 | 12.0 | 23.5*** | ||||
Yes | 84.3 | 88.0 | 76.5*** |