|
Total sample #
|
28,235
|
17,170
|
11,046
|
Family/Social Support (continued)
| | | |
| | | | |
First talking-to-person when needed
| | | |
|
Death in 2002–2014a
|
31.8
|
33.4
|
28.5***
|
Spouse
|
49.5
|
48.0
|
52.9***
|
|
Urban-rural residence
| | | |
Child/relative
|
25.0
|
25.3
|
24.3***
|
|
Rural
|
32.0
|
100.0
|
–
|
Friend
|
22.6
|
23.7
|
20.0***
|
|
Urban
|
68.0
|
–
|
100.0
|
Social worker/housekeeper
|
0.6
|
0.4
|
0.9***
|
|
Demographic Background
| | | |
Nobody
|
2.4
|
2.4
|
1.9***
|
|
Mean Age
|
71.9
|
72.0
|
71.7***
|
Health Behaviors
| | | |
|
Sex
| | | |
Level of leisure activity
| | | |
|
Women
|
50.4
|
50.2
|
50.9
|
Low
|
8.7
|
9.4
|
7.1***
|
|
Men
|
49.6
|
49.8
|
49.1
|
Intermediate
|
51.2
|
54.2
|
44.5***
|
|
Ethnicity
| | | |
High
|
40.2
|
36.4
|
48.4***
|
|
Non-Han
|
6.9
|
7.8
|
4.8***
|
Currently smoking
| | | |
|
Han
|
93.1
|
92.2
|
95.2***
|
No
|
72.8
|
72.4
|
73.7
|
|
Socioeconomic Factors
| | | |
Yes
|
27.2
|
27.6
|
26.3
|
|
Years of schooling
| | | |
Ever engaged in physical labor
| | | |
|
0
|
46.5
|
52.1
|
34.6***
|
No
|
15.6
|
8.9
|
29.9***
|
|
1–6
|
38.3
|
38.2
|
38.4***
|
Yes
|
84.4
|
91.1
|
70.1***
|
|
7+
|
15.2
|
9.7
|
27.0***
|
Health Conditions
| | | |
|
Economic independence
| | | |
IADL disabled
| | | |
|
No
|
47.9
|
55.3
|
32.2***
|
No
|
68.8
|
67.5
|
71.5***
|
|
Yes
|
52.1
|
44.7
|
67.8***
|
Yes
|
31.2
|
32.5
|
28.5***
|
|
White-collar occupation
| | | |
ADL disabled
| | | |
|
No
|
87.0
|
92.7
|
74.7***
|
No
|
93.8
|
94.3
|
92.8**
|
|
Yes
|
13.0
|
7.3
|
25.3***
|
Yes
|
6.2
|
5.7
|
7.2**
|
|
Family economic condition
| | | |
Cognitively impaired
| | | |
|
Not good
|
84.3
|
85.9
|
81.0***
|
No
|
88.0
|
86.7
|
91.0***
|
|
Good
|
15.7
|
14.1
|
19.0***
|
Yes
|
12.0
|
13.3
|
9.0***
|
|
Got adequate access to healthcare
| | | |
Has 1+ chronic disease
| | | |
|
No
|
7.7
|
9.1
|
4.7***
|
No
|
42.1
|
65.4
|
35.0***
|
|
Yes
|
92.3
|
90.9
|
95.3***
|
Yes
|
57.9
|
54.6
|
65.0***
|
|
Family/Social Support
| | | |
Survey Year
| | | |
|
Currently married
| | | |
2002
|
48.0
|
48.1
|
47.9***
|
|
No
|
34.8
|
35.6
|
33.0*
|
2005
|
18.0
|
15.8
|
22.6***
|
|
Yes
|
65.2
|
64.4
|
67.0*
|
2008
|
24.1
|
23.3
|
25.7***
|
|
Close proximity to children
| | | |
2011
|
9.9
|
12.8
|
3.8***
|
|
No
|
15.7
|
12.0
|
23.5***
| | | | |
|
Yes
|
84.3
|
88.0
|
76.5***
| | | | |
