Table 1 Descriptive and univariate analysis results (unadjusted odds ratios) for travel time to health facilities and confounding determinants associated with full immunisation status and DPT3 vaccine for children aged 12–23 months during the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey
From: Spatial access inequities and childhood immunisation uptake in Kenya
Determinants | Fully immunised n(%) | Not fully immunised n(%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value | Received DPT3 n(%) | Didn’t receive DPT3 n(%) | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean travel time (minutes) | ||||||||
< 30 | 2018 (79.3) | 521 (20.7) | 1 | 2335 (91.5) | 199 (8.5) | 1 | ||
30- < 60 | 581 (70.2) | 242 (29.8) | 0.76 (0.56–1.02) | 0.071 | 737 (88.9) | 88 (11.1) | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | 0.728 |
60- < 90 | 161 (58.6) | 102 (41.5) | 0.47 (0.32–0.68) | < 0.0001 | 228 (85.7) | 38 (14.4) | 0.67 (0.39–1.17) | 0.16 |
90- < 120 | 85 (60.8) | 81 (39.2) | 0.44 (0.20–0.96) | 0.039 | 121 (79.9) | 44 (20.1) | 0.26 (0.12–0.56) | 0.001 |
120+ | 127 (53.8) | 11 (46.2) | 0.34 (0.21–0.54) | < 0.0001 | 175 (73.3) | 64 (26.7) | 0.22 (0.12–0.42) | < 0.0001 |
Maternal education | ||||||||
No education | 488 (56.5) | 321 (43.5) | 1 | 677 (77.7) | 188 (22.3) | 1 | ||
less than secondary | 1880 (75.6) | 416 (24.4) | 2.30 (1.59–3.32) | < 0.0001 | 2270 (91.1) | 217 (8.9) | 3.97 (2.16–7.30) | < 0.0001 |
secondary or higher | 618 (86.2) | 42 (13.8) | 4.65 (3.17–6.80) | < 0.0001 | 668 (93.3) | 32 (6.7) | 5.73 (3.32–9.89) | < 0.0001 |
Household wealth index | ||||||||
Poor | 885 (63.0) | 497 (37.0) | 1 | 1189 (83.7) | 247 (16.4) | 1 | ||
Least poor | 655 (76.1) | 153 (23.9) | 1.61 (1.07–2.43) | 0.022 | 778 (90.4) | 75 (9.6) | 2.05 (1.18–3.58) | 0.015 |
Middle | 523 (79.1) | 87 (20.9) | 2.1 (1.63–2.69) | < 0.0001 | 605 (92.0) | 42 (8.0) | 1.69 (1.11–2.60) | 0.011 |
Rich | 429 (83.0) | 37 (17.0) | 3.01 (1.91–4.74) | < 0.0001 | 558 (93.9) | 40 (6.1) | 4.17 (1.18–3.58) | < 0.0001 |
Richest | 431 (82.6) | 5 (17.4) | 3.3 (2.28–4.79) | < 0.0001 | 485 (92.8) | 33 (7.2) | 4.48 (2.48–8.10) | < 0.0001 |
Parity | ||||||||
Low | 1726 (81.9) | 429 (18.1) | 1 | 1999 (93.2) | 156 (6.8) | 1 | ||
Higha | 1260 (67.3) | 637 (32.7) | 0.50 (0.38–0.64) | < 0.0001 | 1616 (85.7) | 281 (14.3) | 0.41 (0.29–0.59) | < 0.0001 |
Type of residence | ||||||||
Urban | 974 (78.8) | 287 (21.2) | 1 | 1150 (91.3) | 11 (8.6) | 1 | ||
Rural | 2012 (74.3) | 779 (25.7) | 0.80 (0.63–1.03) | 0.08 | 2465 (89.4) | 326 (10.6) | 0.73 (0.51–1.05) | 0.089 |
Mother’s age (years) | ||||||||
≤ 20 | 359 (77.3) | 84 (22.7) | 1 | 436 (93.5) | 44 (6.6) | 1 | ||
21–30 | 1770 (76.7) | 439 (23.3) | 0.93 (0.63–1.38) | 0.728 | 2145 (90.5) | 245 (9.5) | 0.57 (0.31–1.07) | 0.081 |
≥ 31 | 857 (73.5) | 256 (26.5) | 0.77 (0.50–1.17) | 0.22 | 1034 (87.8) | 148 (12.2) | 0.37 (0.19–0.74) | 0.005 |
Mother’s marital status | ||||||||
Married/living with a partner | 2533 (75.5) | 679 (24.5) | 1 | 3074 (90.0) | 374 (10.0) | 1 | ||
Widowed/divorced/separated | 225 (76.5) | 57 (23.5) | 0.94 (0.55–1.61) | 0.832 | 269 (87.5) | 46 (12.5) | 0.66 (0.28–1.55) | 0.336 |
Never in union | 228 (79.5) | 43 (20.5) | 1.04 (0.69–1.57) | 0.854 | 272 (93.8) | 17 (6.2) | 1.57 (0.78–3.14) | 0.204 |