Table 5 Outcomes, Exposure, Mediators, and Control Variables

 Sexual violence (SV) perpetration

Sexual Experiences Survey [111] [48]

I watched someone while they were undressing, were nude, or were having sex, when they did not agree to it.

1–3

 Bystander attitudes

Barriers to Bystander Behavior [112] [14]

If I think a woman made choices that increased her risk, I would not intervene to reduce her risk for sexual violence.

1–3

 Intention to intervene

Readiness to Intervene [113] [8]

I don’t believe sexual violence is a big problem on campus.

1–3

 Bystander self-efficacy

Bystander Efficacy scale [114] [11]

Express your discomfort if a guy makes a joke about a woman’s body. [Very/somewhat/not at all confident]

1–3

 Bystander behavior

Bystander Intervention Behavior [112] [17]

I have asked a woman if she needed help when I noticed she was being harassed by a guy.

1–3

 Treatment vs. attention control

1

Single-blinded, random assignment to theory-based, 6-session web program to prevent SV in college men (yes/no)

1

 Knowledge of sexual violence

Legal Knowledge Scale [115] [22]

Taking a sexual photo or video of someone without consent [Illegal/legal but harmful/not sexual violence]

1–3

 Knowledge of sexual coercion

Sexual Coercion in Intimate Relationships scale [116]

[19]

Asking your dating partner repeatedly to perform a sexual act after they have said that they do not want to [is/is not coercive].

1–3

 Attitudes about sexual consent

Sexual Consent scale [117] [21]

A person can express non-consent for sex at any time during sexual contact.

1–3

 Restrictive attitudes about gender

Gender Equitable Men scale [118] and study team [15]

A woman should obey her husband even when she disagrees with him.

1–3

 Endorsement of rape myths

Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance scale [119] & College Date Rape Attitudes and Behaviors Scale [120] [28]

In the majority of rapes, the victim is promiscuous or has a bad reputation.

1–3

 Sexual communication

Developed by study team [16]

If a woman kisses me, that means she wants to have sex with me.

1–3

 Rape empathy

Rape Empathy Scale [121] [15]

During a trial, I empathize more with the feelings of the rapist than of the victim

1–3

 Alcohol knowledge

Developed by study team [15]

Alcohol increases the likelihood of acting aggressively toward other people [true/false]

 Demographics

[10]

Age, university, major, living situation, religion, ethnicity, relationship status, gender identity, gender expression, sexual identity

1

 Child maltreatment

Child maltreatment measure validated in Vietnam [122] [27]

physical abuse (6 items), emotional abuse (7 items), sexual abuse (8 items), physical neglect (3 items), emotional neglect (4 items)

3

 Online exposure to explicit sexual content

Pew Foundation’s social media survey [123] and Kids Online (128) survey module [24]

Times in prior 6 mo you have seen images, video of a woman performing a sex act in which she was choked, hit, humiliated, or forced?

2–3