Table 2 Conceptual framework of barriers and facilitators for kangaroo mother care adoption in China

Cultural barriers

Hospital barriers

Parental barriers

Financial barriers

• Postpartum confinement

• Grandparent resistance

• Fear of sweating in summer/ cold in winter

• Fear of nosocomial infection

• Shortage of staff

• Lack of space

• Parents monitoring work

• Increased workload

• Anxiety/ fear of being in hospital

• Loss of privacy/ lack of private space

• Perfectionist psyche

• Maternal guilt associated with preterm birth

• Lodging costs

• Loss of work time

• Transportation/ traffic

• KMC supply costs to

• hospitals

Cultural facilitators

Hospital facilitators

Parental facilitators

Financial facilitators

• Strong family support

• Hospital readiness: chairs, training, nurses

• Leadership of the hospital’s administration/ motivation system

• Creating supportive community: social media group

• Benefits to mothers

• Benefits to newborns

• Parents with good financial status