Table 2 Predictors of under-5 mortality in West Africa, namely; Ghana, Benin, Cote d’ Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Burkina Faso, Gambia and Togo

Burkina Faso

Benin

Cote D’lvoire

Ghana

Gambia

Guinea

Liberia

Characteristics

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

  15–19

1.82 [1.28–2.23]*

1.08 [0.86–1.33]

1.23 [1.07–1.41]*

0.99 [0.70–1.29]

4.51 [3.28–6.03]*

1.78 [1.29–2.4]*

1.24 [0.94–1.59]

  20–24

1.00 [0.77–1.28]

1.86 [1.57–2.18]*

0.6 [0.51–0.69]*

1.18 [0.90–1.5]

1.44 [1.11–1.79]*

1.12 [1.02–1.26]*

0.99 [0.77–1.25]

  25–29

1.20 [0.94–1.50]

1.23 [1.06–1.42]*

0.74 [0.65–0.84]*

1.30 [0.96–1.72]

1.52 [1.22–1.84]*

1.26 [1.11–1.44]*

0.90 [0.78–1.03]

  30–34

0.98 [0.76–1.17]

1.47 [1.21–1.75]*

0.85 [0.70–1.01]

1.72 [1.44–2.01]*

0.81 [0.58–1.07]

0.63 [0.55–0.73]*

0.94 [0.83–1.05]

  35–39

1.07 [0.80–1.34]

1.01 [0.84–1.22]

1.49 [1.28–1.73]*

0.80 [0.53–1.14]

0.81 [0.64–1.03]

0.57 [0.46–0.70]*

0.56 [0.44–0.69]*

  40–44

0.88 [0.70–1.09]

1.63 [1.34–1.97]*

0.93 [0.71–1.18]

0.88 [0.58–1.28]

2.20 [1.66–2.84]*

0.72 [0.65–0.79]*

0.60 [0.53–0.68]*

  45–49

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

   < 15 years

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  15–19 years

1.00 [0.74–1.43]

1.52 [1.37–1.69]*

1.04 [0.88–1.21]

1.19 [0.92–1.57]

0.32 [0.27–0.37]*

1.02 [0.86–1.20]

1.18 [0.99–1.37]

  20–24 years

1.00 [0.76–1.27]

1.70 [1.41–2.03]*

0.89 [0.75–1.04]

1.47 [1.23–1.76]*

0.19 [0.14–0.27]*

1.50 [1.26–1.78]*

1.3 [1.08–1.54]*

  25–29 years

1.06 [0.71–1.71]

1.31 [1.13–1.51]*

0.51 [0.44–0.59]*

1.52 [1.10–2.00]*

0.36 [0.26–0.49]*

1.79 [1.37–2.23]*

0.93 [0.76–1.14]

  30–34 years

0.68 [0.20–1.49]

0.33 [0.26–0.41]*

1.11 [0.85–1.41]

1.45 [1.12–1.84]*

0.62 [0.47–0.82]*

0.42 [0.36–0.50]*

1.00 [0.79–1.25]

   > 34 years

1.15 [0.55–2.44]

0.78 [0.65–0.92]*

1.53 [1.25–1.84]*

1.64 [1.13–2.32]*

1.33 [0.97–1.81]

0.53 [0.44–0.62]*

0.45 [0.35–0.58]*

  No education

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Primary

0.81 [0.71–0.92]

0.85 [0.73–0.97]*

1.18 [1.01–1.37]*

0.91 [0.73–1.13]

1.26 [0.86–1.76]

1.02 [0.88–1.17]

0.77 [0.63–0.94]*

  Secondary

0.84 [0.76–0.92]

0.86 [0.72–1.01]

0.64 [0.46–0.86]*

0.66 [0.51–0.84]*

1.07 [0.701–1.51]

0.67 [0.56–0.80]*

0.80 [0.67–0.96]*

  Tertiary

1.64 [1.33–2.03] *

0.89 [0.72–1.07]

0.52 [0.37–0.72]*

1.43 [0.89–2.13]

2.40 [1.27–4.18]*

0.90 [0.71–1.15]

1.16 [0.79–1.68]

  Currently employed

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Currently unemployed

1.22 [1.02–1.43]*

1.21 [1.03–1.39]*

0.93 [0.82–1.06]

0.96 [0.76–1.21]

0.78 [0.63–0.97]*

0.59 [0.52–0.67]*

1.11 [1.04–1.18]*

  Not currently married

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Currently married/union

0.65 [0.48–0.84]*

0.65 [0.56–0.75]*

0.99 [0.86–1.14]

0.52 [0.35–0.71]*

0.63 [0.43–0.93]*

0.49 [0.4–0.61]*

0.62 [0.53–0.71]*

  urban

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Rural

1.3 [1.06–1.61]*

1.82 [1.57–2.09]*

1.44 [1.21–1.68]*

1.05 [0.84–1.32]

0.16 [0.12–0.2]*

0.62 [0.51–0.73]*

0.96 [0.78–1.18]

  Poorest

1.53 [1.23–1.8]*

0.91 [0.79–1.08]

1.17 [0.96–1.4]

0.86 [0.64–1.12]

0.99 [0.73–1.29]

1.09 [0.97–1.23]

1.08 [0.94–1.24]

  Poorer

1.62 [1.35–1.99]*

0.83 [0.73–0.94]*

0.77 [0.66–0.89]*

0.99 [0.72–1.3]

0.54 [0.36–0.74]*

1.16 [1.01–1.32]*

1.3 [1.14–1.49]*

  Middle

1.38 [1.12–1.71]*

0.97 [0.84–1.08]

1.04 [0.87–1.24]

1.23 [0.95–1.58]

0.79 [0.53–1.11]

1.18 [1.00–1.37]

1.49 [1.25–1.72]*

  Richer

1.38 [1.14–1.71]*

0.69 [0.6–0.78]*

1.14 [0.97–1.32]

1.32 [1.08–1.6]*

0.51 [0.39–0.65]*

0.45 [0.37–0.52]*

1.05 [0.90–1.22]

  Richest

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Christian

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Muslim

1.12 [0.96–1.29]

0.78 [0.68–0.90]*

1.19 [1.02–1.38]*

1.45 [1.10–1.87]*

0.13 [0.11–0.17]*

1.01 [0.87–1.18]

1.71 [1.39–2.09]*

  No religion

1.17 [0.56–1.90]

0.58 [0.52–0.65]*

0.96 [0.79–1.14]

1.13 [0.90–1.45]

1.84 [1.49–2.3]*

2.50 [1.90–3.19]*

0.99 [0.78–1.23]

  Other religion

0.48 [0.19–1.04]

1.45 [1.17–1.79]*

1.02 [0.9–1.15]

–

–

5.76 [4.74–6.86]*

1.05 [0.77–1.41]

  Traditional

1.49 [1.18–1.88]*

1.18 [0.57–2.05]

–

1.71 [1.15–2.51]*

–

–

0.01 [0.00–0.02]*

  Singleton

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Multiple

2.83 [2.41–3.19]*

2.47 [2.09–2.87]*

1.79 [1.45–2.19]*

2.29 [1.68–3.07]*

1.22 [0.89–1.59]

1.89 [1.49–2.38]*

2.23 [1.73–2.8]*

  Female

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Male

1.1 [0.95–1.24]

1.36 [1.2–1.54]*

1.18 [1.04–1.34]*

1.2 [0.97–1.49]

0.84 [0.63–1.09]

1.22 [1.07–1.39]*

1.16 [1.01–1.31]*

  Large

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Average

1.26 [1.00–1.49]

0.94 [0.81–1.08]

1.10 [0.92–1.29]

0.80 [0.67–0.94]*

0.76 [0.58–0.96]*

1.28 [1.06–1.5]*

0.96 [0.79–1.16]

  Small

1.37 [0.98–1.71]

1.66 [1.39–1.95]*

0.98 [0.87–1.09]

1.63 [1.33–1.96]*

0.71 [0.57–0.87]*

1.49 [1.23–1.79]*

1.32 [1.09–1.57]*

  1st-3rd child

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  4th–6th child

0.99 [0.75–1.22]

1.39 [1.18–1.62]*

0.76 [0.66–0.88]*

1.30 [1.07–1.58]*

0.86 [0.65–1.13]

1.46 [1.3–1.64]*

1.07 [0.9–1.28]

  7th + child

1.21 [0.86–1.66]

2.41 [2.19–2.65]*

0.51 [0.44–0.59]*

1.85 [1.3–2.56]*

0.68 [0.53–0.86]*

1.41 [1.23–1.61]*

0.93 [0.82–1.04]

   < 12 months

1.46 [1.18–1.79]*

0.94 [0.84–1.06]

1.07 [0.89–1.26]

0.98 [0.79–1.19]

0.60 [0.49–0.73]*

0.81 [0.74–0.89]*

1.24 [1.1–1.41]*

  11 to 23 months

2.35 [1.95–2.83]*

1.81 [1.5–2.16]*

1.86 [1.62–2.12]*

1.08 [0.89–1.33]

1.56 [1.35–1.79]*

1.29 [1.09–1.53]*

1.73 [1.41–2.1]*

  24 to 35 months

1.81 [1.56–2.10]*

1.12 [0.98–1.28]

1.13 [1.01–1.27]*

1.01 [0.74–1.34]

0.65 [0.52–0.82]*

1.26 [1.10–1.44]*

1.3 [1.10–1.53]*

   > 35 months

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Skilled

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Unskilled

1.20 [1.03–1.38]*

0.88 [0.68–1.09]

1.20 [1.05–1.39]*

1.59 [1.29–1.9]*

1.73 [1.26–2.32]*

1.52 [1.33–1.71]*

1.32 [1.18–1.46]*

  SVD

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Caesarean

0.68 [0.5–0.94]*

0.96 [0.71–1.23]

0.91 [0.71–1.13]

1.49 [1.17–1.84]*

1.66 [1.3–2.08]*

1.96 [1.64–2.32]*

0.77 [0.62–0.92]*

  Ghana

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Burkina Faso

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Benin

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Cote D’Ivoire

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Gambia

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Guinea

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Liberia

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Mali

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Nigeria

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Niger

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Serria Leone

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

  Togo

–

–

–

–

–

–

–

Gamma

−0.04 [−0.04–0.03]*

−0.05 [−0.06--0.04]*

−0.05 [−0.06--0.04]*

−0.05 [− 0.07--0.04]*

−0.07 [− 0.09--0.05]*

−0.04 [− 0.05--0.03]*

−0.05 [− 0.06--0.04]*

ln (theta)

−7.75 [−47.5–1.65]*

−0.41 [− 0.96–0.04]*

−1.2 [−1.98--0.62]*

− 70.28 [− 223.76--0.54]*

0.8 [0.13–1.4]

− 0.94 [− 1.65--0.39]*

−63.19 [− 209.6--1.23]*

Mali

Nigeria

Niger

Serria Leone

Togo

Overall

Characteristics

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

HR [95% CI]

  15–19

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  20–24

1.23 [0.98–1.68]

0.69 [0.65–0.75]*

0.45 [0.37–0.54]*

1.95 [1.58–2.4]*

1.93 [1.29–2.74]*

1.59 [1.54–1.64]*

  25–29

1.25 [0.93–1.6]

0.73 [0.67–0.8]*

0.59 [0.52–0.67]*

1.37 [1.15–1.59]*

1.06 [0.85–1.31]

1.43 [1.37–1.49]*

  30–34

1.19 [0.94–1.51]

0.67 [0.63–0.71]*

0.50 [0.45–0.57]*

1.14 [0.89–1.46]

0.79 [0.66–0.93]*

1.32 [1.27–1.4]*

  35–39

1.2 0 [0.93–1.60]

0.83 [0.76–0.90]*

0.50 [0.43–0.58]*

0.99 [0.80–1.20]

0.84 [0.72–0.95]*

1.11 [1.09–1.15]*

  40–44

1.34 [0.92–1.84]

1.14 [1.08–1.20]*

0.63 [0.55–0.71]*

1.40 [1.18–1.71]*

0.79 [0.65–0.95]*

1.09 [1.05–1.13]*

  45–49

2.15 [1.7–2.63]*

0.80 [0.72–0.88]*

0.43 [0.36–0.51]*

0.96 [0.76–1.20]

1.02 [0.74–1.39]

1.08 [1.02–1.18]*

  < 15 years

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 15–19 years

0.91 [0.75–1.12]

0.92 [0.88–0.96]*

0.98 [0.84–1.14]

0.93 [0.8–1.09]

0.69 [0.54–0.87]*

1.2 [1.18–1.22]*

 20–24 years

0.84 [0.68–1.03]

0.90 [0.84–0.96]*

0.89 [0.75–1.04]

1.05 [0.88–1.24]

0.73 [0.63–0.84]*

1.15 [1.11–1.18]*

  25–29 years

0.84 [0.63–1.12]

0.76 [0.71–0.81]*

0.74 [0.64–0.84]*

0.91 [0.75–1.1]

0.47 [0.33–0.64]*

1.28 [1.20–1.36]*

  30–34 years

1.17 [0.84–1.67]

0.96 [0.91–1.02]

1.06 [0.97–1.15]

0.84 [0.69–1.01]

0.76 [0.6–0.98]*

1.62 [1.44–1.84]*

   > 34 years

1.68 [1.35–2.16]*

0.99 [0.92–1.06]

0.83 [0.72–0.95]*

1.04 [0.86–1.22]

2.48 [1.79–3.22]*

2.52 [2.43–2.64]*

 No education

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Primary

1.21 [1.06–1.40]*

0.97 [0.88–1.07]

0.85 [0.71–1.12]

1.22 [1.02–1.48]*

1.13 [0.97–1.33]

0.91 [0.89–0.94]*

 Secondary

0.96 [0.69–1.29]

0.85 [0.75–0.95]*

0.94 [0.71–1.20]

1.35 [1.24–1.48]*

0.75 [0.61–0.93]

0.73 [0.69–0.76]*

 Tertiary

0.99 [0.84–1.16]

0.84 [0.78–0.92]*

0.53 [0.34–0.78]*

0.61 [0.38–0.89]*

0.98 [0.77–1.23]

0.82 [0.78–0.86]*

 Currently employed

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Currently unemployed

0.74 [0.61–0.92]*

0.94 [0.86–1.03]

0.96 [0.82–1.11]

0.59 [0.48–0.74]*

1.16 [0.91–1.47]

0.90 [0.84–0.95]*

 Not currently married

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1. [reference]

 Currently married/union

0.47 [0.37–0.59]*

0.94 [0.9–0.98]*

0.3 [0.24–0.37]*

0.68 [0.54–0.86]*

1.46 [1.09–1.89]*

 Urban

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Rural

1.77 [1.41–2.14]*

1.34 [1.23–1.46]*

5 [4.49–5.52]*

1.2 [0.94–1.46]

0.86 [0.71–1.03]

1.45 [1.37–1.55]*

 Poorest

1.80 [1.44–2.25]*

0.63 [0.6–0.66]*

0.85 [0.73–0.98]*

0.76 [0.61–0.94]*

1.61 [1.47–1.77]*

0.78 [0.74–0.82]*

 Poorer

1.21 [0.94–1.52]

0.67 [0.64–0.71]*

1.08 [0.93–1.25]

0.97 [0.75–1.26]

1.5 [1.27–1.74]*

0.93 [0.91–0.96]*

 Middle

1.61 [1.37–1.88]*

0.64 [0.59–0.7]*

1.00 [0.83–1.20]

0.94 [0.75–1.16]

0.82 [0.67–0.99]*

0.87 [0.82–0.92]*

 Richer

1.14 [0.96–1.39]

0.67 [0.64–0.71]*

1.02 [0.88–1.16]

0.95 [0.76–1.15]

0.81 [0.62–1.06]

0.87 [0.83–0.90]*

 Richest

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Christian

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

–

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

 Muslim

0.79 [0.55–1.08]

0.88 [0.81–0.96]*

–

0.97 [0.83–1.12]

1.14 [0.94–1.32]

1.25 [1.17–1.35]*

 No religion

1.28 [0.97–1.89]

–

–

0.36 [0.25–0.52]*

0.69 [0.59–0.79]*

2.22 [2.08–2.37]*

 Other religion

0.94 [0.69–1.18]

0.67 [0.63–0.72]*

–

1.77 [1.3–2.28]*

1.43 [1.09–1.87]*

2.01 [1.68–2.45]*

 Traditional

–

0.43 [0.39–0.47]*

–

0.04 [0.00–0.18]*

1.07 [0.78–1.43]

1.39 [1.26–1.54]*

  Singleton

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Multiple

2.26 [1.80–2.83]*

1.03 [0.96–1.10]

2.93 [2.46–3.49]*

0.93 [0.79–1.08]

1.51 [1.15–1.93]*

2.81 [2.60–3.02]*

  Female

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Male

1.25 [1.04–1.47]*

1.1 [1.05–1.16]*

0.88 [0.81–0.94]*

1.12 [0.94–1.31]

1.01 [0.85–1.19]

1.14 [1.10–1.18]*

  Large

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Average

1.11 [0.95–1.34]

1.13 [1.06–1.21]*

1.02 [0.91–1.15]

0.99 [0.86–1.15]

1.15 [0.94–1.37]

1.12 [1.06–1.17]*

  Small

1.43 [1.14–1.79]*

1.43 [1.35–1.52]*

1.03 [0.9–1.17]

1.53 [1.26–1.82]*

1.6 [1.29–1.93]*

1.48 [1.43–1.52]*

  1st-3rd child

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  4th–6th child

0.91 [0.78–1.05]

0.82 [0.75–0.88]*

0.96 [0.82–1.12]

1.09 [0.85–1.35]

1.12 [0.90–1.39]

1.32 [1.28–1.36]*

  7th + child

1.12 [0.95–1.28]

0.78 [0.73–0.83]*

0.82 [0.7–0.95]*

1.74 [1.44–2.08]*

0.72 [0.58–0.89]*

1.62 [1.52–1.70]*

   < 12 months

2.42 [1.82–3.40]*

1.21 [1.1–1.32]*

1.24 [1.10–1.40]*

1.37 [1.08–1.72]*

0.78 [0.66–0.93]*

1.58 [1.49–1.66]*

  11 to 23 months

2.64 [2.03–3.40]*

1.88 [1.69–2.09]*

1.15 [0.99–1.33]

2.15 [1.69–2.66]*

1.97 [1.59–2.43]*

2.01 [1.90–2.11]*

  24 to 35 months

1.85 [1.45–2.31]*

1.26 [1.15–1.38]*

0.99 [0.84–1.15]

1.40 [1.22–1.60]*

1.65 [1.42–1.91]*

1.39 [1.34–1.44]*

   > 35 months

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Skilled

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Unskilled

0.84 [0.68–1.00]

1.25 [1.15–1.36]*

0.80 [0.71–0.90]*

0.92 [0.78–1.08]

1.24 [1.01–1.54]*

1.15 [1.08–1.22]*

  SVD

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

1.00 [reference]

  Caesarean

1.24 [0.92–1.61]

0.25 [0.22–0.28]*

1.11 [0.91–1.34]

0.68 [0.54–0.83]*

0.76 [0.59–0.98]*

1.04 [0.94–1.14]

  Ghana

–

–

–

–

–

1.00 [reference]

  Burkina Faso

–

–

–

–

–

1.65 [1.56–1.74]*

  Benin

–

–

–

–

–

0.67 [0.64–0.7]*

  Cote D’Ivoire

–

–

–

–

–

0.75 [0.7–0.79]*

  Gambia

–

–

–

–

–

0.74 [0.67–0.8]*

  Guinea

–

–

–

–

–

0.84 [0.74–0.93]*

  Liberia

–

–

–

–

–

1.47 [1.36–1.58]*

  Mali

–

–

–

–

–

1.19 [1.06–1.33]*

  Nigeria

–

–

–

–

–

1.65 [1.54–1.77]*

  Niger

–

–

–

–

–

1.51 [1.38–1.64]*

  Serria Leone

–

–

–

–

–

1.86 [1.69–2.03]*

  Togo

–

–

–

–

–

0.92 [0.79–1.03]

Gamma

−0.03 [−0.04--0.02]*

−0.04 [−0.04−−0.03]*

-0.03 [− 0.03--0.02]*

− 0.05 [− 0.06--0.04]*

−0.03 [− 0.04--0.02]*

−0.04 [− 0.04--0.03]*

ln (theta)

−1.07 [−1.91--0.49]*

−1.47 [−1.85--1.16]*

−0.88 [− 1.34--0.5]*

−79.42 [− 220.4--3.38]*

−74.32 [−228.84--1.29]*

−1.17 [− 1.34--1]*