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Table 6 Model 3: Fixed-effect parameter estimates of within-person and between-person stress factors of momentary PA and NA based on multivariate mixed modeling (n = 1613)

From: Evaluating real-time momentary stress and affect in police officers using a smartphone application

Variables

Momentary PA

Momentary NA

Within-person (Level 1)

Between-person (Level 2)

Within-person (Level 1)

Between-person (Level 2)

Coef. (SE)

p

Coef. (SE)

p

Coef. (SE)

p

Coef. (SE)

p

Stress factors (by TICS)

 Work overload

.25 (.14)

.064

.33 (.16)

.037

.04 (.21)

.866

−.35 (.26)

.177

 Social overload

−.37 (.14)

.011

−.20 (.16)

.208

.09 (.22)

.703

−.13 (.26)

.632

 Excessive demands at work

−.21 (.15)

.172

−.11 (.18)

.523

.37 (.24)

.117

.32 (.29)

.272

 Lack of social recognition

−.12 (.20)

.538

.23 (.23)

.316

1.74 (.31)

< .001

2.33 (.37)

< .001

 Work discontent

−.45 (.14)

.002

−.73 (.16)

< .001

1.59 (.22)

< .001

1.88 (.26)

< .001

 Social tension

−.79 (.16)

< .001

−.67 (.18)

< .001

1.74 (.25)

< .001

2.92 (.29)

< .001

 Pressure to perform

−.29 (.14)

.039

−.49 (.14)

< .001

.78 (.22)

< .001

1.92 (.22)

< .001

 Social isolation

.48 (.10)

< .001

.31 (.10)

.002

.10 (.15)

.519

.24 (.16)

.138

Context With whom (ref. being alone)

 Colleagues

.62 (.42)

.142

.49 (.51)

.347

−1.43 (.66)

.029

−.49 (.83)

.556

 Boss

.22 (.46)

.636

−.53 (.56)

.344

−.58 (.72)

.424

−.12 (.91)

.896

 Civilians

.69 (1.22)

.576

1.34 (1.48)

.362

1.50 (1.89)

.429

1.94 (2.41)

.423

 Family

.71 (.24)

.003

.92 (.27)

.001

−1.38 (.37)

< .001

−2.66 (.44)

< .001

 Friends

1.89 (.40)

< .001

2.45 (.47)

< .001

−1.78 (.63)

.004

−2.45 (.77)

.001

Location (ref. police station)

 Working outside

−.14 (.34)

.684

−.40 (.40)

.316

−.47 (.52)

.365

.09 (.65)

.892

 Home or other

1.01 (.51)

.048

.86 (.61)

.160

−1.18 (.79)

.134

− 1.36 (1.00)

.172

Type of task (ref. administration)

 Patrolling or investigating

−.54 (.42)

.202

−1.13 (.49)

.020

−.21 (.66)

.753

-.64 (.80)

.414

 Resting or other

.00 (.60)

.998

−1.17 (.71)

.100

−.73 (.93)

.432

1.02 (1.16)

.378

  1. These multivariate mixed model analyses for Model 3 were performed for momentary PA and NA as dependent variables and stress factors, contextual factors, and traits as independent variables at within-person (level l) and between-person (level 2) levels
  2. PA Positive affect; NA Negative affect; TICS Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress
  3. NOTE: age, sex, rank, work duration, occupational stress, and baseline affect were adjusted