Fig. 1

Conceptual framework (Adapted from Silva et al., 2015). The figure shows multiple pathways through which background and intermediate factors might drive intimate partner violence. Region and harmful use of alcohol are used as an example to illustrate the connectedness of background factors to intermediate factors in perpetuating IPV. Addiction to local beer (which is part of culture in some regions in Uganda) leads to drunkardness, which is a precursor to the experience of IPV. Therefore, region (a socio-demographic characteristic) can function through harmful use of alcohol (intermediate factor) to drive IPV