Table 3 Multivariable Regression results of Multilevel models for severe stunting, MICS Punjab-2014 (n = 25,066)
Severe Stunting SD > − 3 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1a | Model 2b Cohen’s d & OR [95% CI] | Model 3cCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] | Model4dCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] |
Individual and Household Level Characteristics | ||||
Child age group (months)(Reference Category 0–5 months) | ||||
  06–11 |  | (0.24) 1.56 [1.9,3.5] | (0.24) 1.57 [1.0,2.6] | (0.24) 1.57 [1.0,2.6] |
  12–23 |  | (0.87) 4.85***[5.1,10.3] | (0.88) 4.92***[2.9,8.2] | (0.88) 4.94***[3.0,8.2] |
  24–35 |  | (0.84) 4.62***[4.1,9.5] | (0.84) 4.61***[2.5,8.7] | (0.84) 4.61***[2.5,8.7] |
  36–47 |  | (1.02) 6.36***[7.3,32.5] | (1.02) 6.35***[2.3,17.9] | (1.02) 6.42***[2.3,18.3] |
  48–59 |  | (1.07) 6.98***[6.5,27.2] | (1.07) 6.97***[2.4,20.3] | (1.08) 7.04***[2.4,20.7] |
Child order(Reference Category First Born) | ||||
  Second |  | (0.31) 1.76*** [1.4,1.8] | (o.30) 1.73*** [1.4,2.1] | (0.30) 1.72*** [1.4,2.1] |
  More than 2 |  | (0.55) 2.71*** [2.4,4.1] | (0.53) 2.62*** [1.7,4.0] | (0.53) 2.60*** [1.7,3.9] |
Gender of child(Reference Category Boy) | ||||
  Girl |  | (0.13) 1.27***[1.1,1.2] | (0.13) 1.27***[1.2,1.4] | (0.13) 1.27***[1.2,1.4] |
Child size at birth(Reference Category Small Size) | ||||
  Average |  | (0.20) 0.69**[0.5,0.9] | (0.20) 0.70**[0.5,0.9] | (0.20) 0.68**[0.5,0.9] |
  Large |  | (0.25) 0.63***[.4,0.8] | (0.26) 0.62***[0.4,0.8] | (0.27) 0.61***[.4,.8] |
Diarrhea(Reference Category No) | ||||
  Yes |  | (0.25) 0.64***[0.6,0.8] | (0.25) 0.65***[0.6,0.8] | (0.25) 0.65***[0.6,0.8] |
Breast Feeding(Reference Category yes) | ||||
  No |  | (0.34) 1.87**[1.0,1.7] | (0.340 1.89**[1.3,2.8] | (0.340 1.87**[1.3,2.8] |
Mother Education(Reference Category No Education) | ||||
  Primary |  | (0.28) 0.60***[0.6,0.8] | (0.18) 0.72**[0.6,0.9] | (0.18) 0.72**[0.6,0.9] |
  Middle |  | (0.43) 0.46***[0.4,0.6] | (0.28) 0.61***[0.5,0.8] | (0.28) 0.61***[0.5,0.8] |
  Secondary |  | (0.50) 0.40***[0.4,0.6] | (0.32) 0.56***[0.4,0.7] | (0.32) 0.56***[0.4,0.7] |
  Higher |  | (0.83) 0.22***[0.2,0.3] | (0.64) 0.31***[0.2,0.5] | (0.64) 0.31***[0.2,0.5] |
Mother Age (years)(Reference Category age of women < 18 years of age) | ||||
  Age > =18 & < =24 |  | (0.005) 0.99 [0.7,1.2] | (0.02) 1.03 [0.8,1.3] | (0.02) 1.03 [0.8,1.3] |
  Age > 24 & < =35 |  | (0.06) 0.89 [0.8,1.1] | (0.04) 0.93 [0.7,1.2] | (0.04) 0.93 [0.7,1.2] |
  Age > 36 |  | (0.04) 0.92 [0.7,1.0] | (0.04) 0.93 [0.7,1.2] | (0.04) 0.93 [0.7,1.2] |
Postnatal Care(Reference category yes) | ||||
  No |  | (0.03) 0.95 [0.9,1.1] | (0.03) 0.95 [0.8,1.2] | (0.03) 0.94 [0.8,1.2] |
Prenatal Care(Reference category 1–4 visits) | ||||
  More than 4 visit |  | (0.005) 0.99 [0.8,1.0] | (0.03) 1.06 [0.9,1.3] | (0.03) 1.07 [0.9,1.3] |
Delivery place(Reference category Home) | ||||
  Hospital |  | (0.03) 0.96 [0.8,1.1] | (0.02) 1.02 [0.8,1.3] | (0.02) 1.03 [0.8,1.3] |
Father education(Reference category No Education) | ||||
  Primary |  | (0.12) 0.80*[0.7,1.0] | (0.08) 0.86 [0.7,1.0] | (0.08) 0.87 [0.7,1.0] |
  Middle |  | (0.32) 0.56***[0.6,0.7] | (0.26) 0.63***[0.5,0.7] | (0.25) 0.64***[0.6,0.8] |
  Secondary |  | (0.32) 0.56***[0.5,0.6] | (0.23) 0.66***[0.5,0.8] | (0.23) 0.67**[0.5,0.9] |
  Higher |  | (0.49) 0.41***[0.3,0.5] | (0.38) 0.50***[0.4,0.6] | (0.37) 0.51***[0.4,0.6] |
Wealth Index(Reference category Poor) | ||||
  Middle |  |  | (0.27) 0.61*** [0.5,0.7] | (0.27) 0.61*** [0.5,0.7] |
  Rich |  |  | (0.43) 0.46*** [0.4,0.6] | 90.43) 0.46*** [0.4,0.6] |
HH size(Reference category HH size 3–4 members) | ||||
  5–6 members |  |  | (0.09) 1.18 [0.9,1.5] | (0.09) 1.18 [0.9,1.5] |
  7–8 members |  |  | (0.11) 1.23 [0.9,1.6] | (0.11) 1.23 [0.9,1.6] |
   > 8 members |  |  | (0.11) 1.23 [1.0,1.6] | (0.11) 1.23 [1.0,1.6] |
Community Level Characteristics | ||||
Ethnicity(Reference category Urdu) | ||||
  Punjabi |  |  | (0.09) 0.85 [0.5,1.3] | (0.09) 0.85 [0.5,1.3] |
  Saraikai |  |  | (0.07) 1.15 [0.8,1.7] | (0.06) 1.11 [0.7,1.7] |
  Others |  |  | (0.08) 1.17 [0.8,1.8] | (0.09) 1.18 [0.8,1.8] |
Region(Reference category Urban) | ||||
  Rural |  | (0.09) 1.18 [1.0,1.4] | (0.09) 0.85 [0.7,1.0] | (0.09) 0.87 [0.7,1.0] |
Sanitation facility(Reference category Unimproved) | ||||
  Improved |  |  | (0.13) 0.79** [0.7,0.9] | (0.13) 0.79** [0.7,0.9] |
Drinking water facility(Reference category Unimproved) | ||||
  Improved |  |  | (0.08) 1.17 [0.9,1.6] | (0.07) 1.15 [0.9,1.5] |
Water treatment(Reference category Treated) | ||||
  Untreated |  |  | (0.07) 1.15 [0.7,1.8] | (0.07) 1.17 [0.8,1.8] |
Regional Level Characteristics | ||||
Food Insecurity index(Reference category Food Insecure) | ||||
  Food Vulnerable |  |  |  | (0.08) 0.87 [0.6,1.2] |
  Food Secure |  |  |  | (0.14) 0.77 [0.6,1.1] |
Division(Reference category Rawalpindi Division) | ||||
  Bahawalpur |  |  |  | (0.25) 1.57* [1.0,2.4] |
  D.G Khan |  |  |  | (0.34) 1.84** [1.2,2.9] |
  Faisalabad |  |  |  | (0.27) 1.63* [1.1,2.4] |
  Gujranwala |  |  |  | (0.26) 1.60* [1.0,2.5] |
  Lahore |  |  |  | (0.38) 1.98** [1.2,3.2] |
  Multan |  |  |  | (0.19) 1.41 [0.9,2.1] |
  Sahiwal |  |  |  | (0.25) 1.57* [1.1,2.3] |
  Sargodha |  |  |  | 0.93 [0.6,1.4] |
  Constant | −3.14 (0.25) *** | 0.011 (0.005) *** | 0.013 (0.010) *** | 0.012 (0.001) *** |
  Level-1 (Household) | 1.16 (0.16) *** | 2.51 *** (1.3,4.7) | 2.50***(1.3,3.7) | 2.50***(1.3,4.7) |
  Level − 2 (community) | 0.55 (0.05) *** | 0.20 ***(0.1, 0.4) | 0.19*** (0.07,0.3) | 0.19***(0.09.0.4) |
  Level − 3 (District) | 0.48 (0.06) *** | 0.10 ***(0.04,0.2) | 0.06***(0.01,0.08) | 0.02*(0.0,0.05) |
  Chi2 | (628.88)*** |  |  |  |