Table 2 Multivariable Regression results of Multilevel models for moderate stunting, MICS Punjab-2014 (n = 25,066)
Moderate Stunting SD > −2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Model 1a | Model 2bCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] | Model 3cCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] | Model4dCohen’s d & OR [95% CI] |
Individual and Household Level Characteristics | ||||
Child age group(Reference Category 0–5 months) | ||||
  6–11 |  | (0.52) 2.58*** [1.9,3.5] | (0.53) 2.61*** [1.9,3.5] | (0.53) 2.61*** [1.9,3.5] |
  12–23 |  | (1.09) 7.25*** [5.1,10.3] | (1.10) 7.37*** [5.2,10.4] | (1.10) 7.41***[5.2,10.5] |
  24–35 |  | (1.01) 6.25*** [4.1,9.5] | (1.01) 6.26*** [4.1,9.5] | (1.01) 6.26*** [4.1,9.5] |
  36–47 |  | (1.50) 15.36*** [7.3,32.5] | (1.50) 15.23*** [7.2,32.4] | (1.51) 15.54***[7.3,33.1] |
  48–59 |  | (1.42) 13.28*** [6.5,27.2] | (1.41) 13.09*** [6.3,27.1] | (1.42) 13.33*** [6.4,27.6] |
Child Birth order(Reference Category First Born) | ||||
  2 |  | (0.25) 1.57***[1.4,1.8] | (0.24) 1.55***[1.4,1.7] | (0.24) 1.55***[1.4,1.7] |
  3+ |  | (0.63) 3.14***[2.4,4.1] | (0.62) 3.06***[2.3,4.0] | (0.62) 3.05***[2.3,4.0] |
Child Gender(Reference Category Boy) | ||||
  Girl |  | (0.07) 1.14***[1.1,1.2] | (0.07) 1.14***[1.1,1.2] | (0.07) 1.14***[1.1,1.2] |
Child size at birth(Reference Category Small Size) | ||||
  Average |  | (0.27) 0.61***[0.45,0.81] | (0.27) 0.60***[0.46,0.80] | (0.27) 0.61***[0.46,0.81] |
  Large |  | (0.24) 0.65***[0.56,0.75] | (0.24) 0.64***[0.59,0.79] | 0.24) 0.65***[0.55,0.76] |
Diarrhea(Reference Category No) | ||||
  Yes |  | (0.17) 0.73***[0.6,0.8] | (0.16) 0.74***[0.7,0.8] | (0.15) 0.75***[0.7,0.9] |
Breast Feeding(Reference Category Yes) | ||||
  No |  | (0.15) 1.35*[1.0,1.7] | (0.15) 1.36*[1.1,1.8] | (0.15) 1.35*[1.0,1.8] |
Mother Education(Reference Category No Education) | ||||
  Primary |  | (0.22) 0.67***[0.6,0.8] | (0.14) 0.77***[0.7,0.9] | (0.14) 0.77***[0.7,0.9] |
  Middle |  | (0.37) 0.51***[0.4,0.6] | (0.25) 0.63***[0.5,0.8] | (0.25) 0.64***[0.5,0.8] |
  Secondary |  | (0.42) 0.47***[0.4,0.6] | (0.24) 0.62***[0.5,0.8] | (0.24) 0.63***[0.5,0.8] |
  Higher |  | (0.76) 0.25***[0.2,0.3] | (o.59) 0.34***[0.3,0.4] | (0.59) 0.34***[0.3,0.4] |
Mother Age(Reference Category age of women < 18 years of age) | ||||
  18–24 |  | (0.03) 0.94 [0.7,1.2] | (0.005) 0.99 [0.8,1.2] | (0.005) 0.99 [0.8,1.3] |
  25–35 |  | (0.04) 0.93 [0.8,1.1] | (0.02) 0.97 [0.8,1.2] | (0.02) 0.97 [0.8,1.2] |
  36–49 |  | (0.08) 0.86 [0.7,1.0] | (0.07) 0.88 [0.7,1.1] | 0.07) 0.88 [0.7,1.1] |
Postnatal Care(Reference Category Yes) | ||||
  No |  | (0.02) 0.97 [0.9,1.1] | (0.02) 0.98 [0.9,1.1] | (0.02) 0.97 [0.9,1.1] |
Prenatal Care(Reference category 1–4 visits) | ||||
  More than 4 visit |  | (0.07) 0.88 [0.8,1.0] | (0.03) 0.94 [0.8,1.1] | (0.03) 0.95 [0.8,1.1] |
Delivery Place(Reference category Home) | ||||
  Hospital |  | (0.04) 0.93 [0.8,1.1] | (0.01) 0.98 [0.8,1.1] | (0.01) 0.98 [0.8,1.1] |
Father Education(Reference category No Education) | ||||
  Primary |  | (0.09) 0.85*[0.7,1.0] | (0.06) 0.90 [0.8,1.0] | (0.06) 0.91 [0.8,1.0] |
  Middle |  | (0.24) 0.65***[0.6,0.7] | (0.18) 0.71***[0.6,0.8] | (0.18) 0.72***[0.6,0.8] |
  Secondary |  | (0.32) 0.56***[0.5,0.6] | (0.23) 0.64***[0.5,0.7] | (0.24) 0.65***[0.6,0.8] |
  Higher |  | (0.50) 0.40***[0.3,0.5] | (0.40) 0.48***[0.4,0.6] | (0.40) 0.48***[0.4,0.6] |
Wealth index(Reference category Poor) | ||||
  Middle |  |  | (0.23) 0.64*** [0.7,0.8] | (0.24) 0.65*** [0.6,0.8] |
  Rich |  |  | (0.41) 0.47*** [0.5,0.6] | (0.40) 0.48*** [0.4,0.6] |
HH size(Reference category HH size 3–4 members) | ||||
  5–6 members |  |  | (0.05) 1.11 [1.0,1.4] | (0.05) 1.10 [1.0,1.3] |
  7–8 members |  |  | (0.11) 1.23* [1.0,1.5] | (0.11) 1.22* [1.0,1.4] |
   > 8 members |  |  | (0.09) 1.19 [1.0,1.5] | (0.08) 1.17 [1.0,1.4] |
Community Level Characteristics | ||||
Ethnicity(Refernececategory Urdu) | ||||
  Punjabi |  |  | (0.08) 0.86 [0.7,1.1] | (0.08) 0.87 [0.7,1.1] |
  Saraikai |  |  | (0.03) 0.95 [0.7,1.2] | (0.06) 0.90 [0.7,1.2] |
  Others |  |  | (0.04) 1.08 [0.8,1.4] | (0.04) 1.08 [0.8,1.4] |
Region(Reference category Urban) | ||||
  Rural |  | (0.11) 1.22*** [1.1,1.3] | (0.03) 0.93 [0.9,1.0] | (0.03) 0.94 [0.9,1.0] |
Sanitation facility(Reference category Unimproved) | ||||
  Improved |  |  | (0.08) 0.86* [0.7,1.0] | (0.08) 0.87* [0.8,1.0] |
Drinking water facility(Reference category Unimproved) | ||||
  Improved |  |  | (0.07) 1.13 [0.7,1.5] | (0.07) 1.12 [0.8,1.5] |
Water treatment(Reference category Treated) | ||||
  Untreated |  |  | (0.13) 1.26 [1.0,1.7] | (0.13) 1.25 [1.0,1.6] |
Regional LevelCharacteristics | ||||
Food Insecurity index(Reference category Food Insecure) | ||||
  Food Vulnerable |  |  |  | (0.14) 0.77* [0.6,0.9] |
  Food Secure |  |  |  | (0.19) 0.71*** [0.6,0.9] |
Division(Reference category Rawalpindi Division) | ||||
  Bahawalpur |  |  |  | (0.24) 1.56* [1.1,2.2] |
  D.G Khan |  |  |  | (0.23) 1.51* [1.0,2.2] |
  Faisalabad |  |  |  | (0.20) 1.45** [1.1,1.9] |
  Gujranwala |  |  |  | (0.19) 1.41* [1.1,1.9] |
  Lahore |  |  |  | (0.35) 1.88*** [1.3,2.7] |
  Multan |  |  |  | (0.19) 1.41* [1.1,1.9] |
  Sahiwal |  |  |  | (0.18) 1.39* [1.0,1.9] |
  Sargodha |  |  |  | (0.07) 1.13 [0.8,1.6] |
  Constant | −1.43 (0.13)*** | 0.038 (0.02)*** | 0.040 (0.019)*** | 0.030 (0.010)*** |
  Level-1 (Household) | 1.18 (0.10)*** | 2.19 *** (1.2,3.7) | 2.17*** (1.3,3.7) | 2.18*** (1.3,3.7) |
  Level-2 (Community) | 0.53 (0,03)*** | 0.15 *** (0.08, 0.3) | 0.14*** 0.07,0.3) | 0.14*** (0.07,0.3) |
  Level-3 (District) | 0.37 (0.03)*** | 0.04 *** (0.02,0.1) | 0.03*** (0.01,0.08) | 0.004 (0.0,0.02) |
  Chi2 | (1005.94)*** | |||