Stigma for common mental disorders in racial minorities and majorities a systematic review and meta-analysis

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Stigma for racial minorities and majorities: Pooled effect sizes of primary outcomes

Characteristics	N_comp	g	95% CI	I²	95% CI	P^a
Primary Analyses
All analyses	39	0.20	0.12 ~ 0.27	91%	89 ~ 93	<.001
High risk of bias studies excluded	29	0.20	0.10 ~ 0.25	88%	84 ~ 90	<.001
Standardized outcomes only	16	0.23	0.10 ~ 0.36	84%	75 ~ 89	<.001
Outliers excluded	12	0.29	0.21 ~ 0.36	29%	0 ~ 63	<.001
Subgroup Analyses
Ethnicity Asian	4	0.29	0.17 ~ 0.42	23%	0 ~ 75	<.001
Black	5	0.30	0.13 ~ 0.36	55%	0 ~ 81	<.001
Other	3	0.26	− 0.01 ~ 0.41	17%	0 ~ 77	. 001
Total between^b						.93
Quality Moderate	5	0.21	0.10 ~ 0.32	0%	0 ~ 64	<.001
Strong	2	0.24	0.13 ~ 0.34	a)	b)	<.001
Weak	5	0.40	0.26 ~ 0.54	33%	0 ~ 75	<.001
Total between						.08
Outcome Self-report	7	0.25	0.14 ~ 0.36	37%	0 ~ 72	<.001
Vignette	5	0.34	0.25 ~ 0.44	0%	0 ~ 64	<.001
Total between						.19

N_comp Number of comparisons, p^a: Values indicating the difference within subgroups; Total between^b: p value indicating the difference between the sub groups
^a) The 95% PI cannot be calculated when the number of studies is lower than 3
^b) The 95% CI of I² cannot be calculated when the number of studies is lower than 3

ISSN: 1471-2458