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Table 2 WIC-participating study subjects and children under the age of 5 living in census tracts with different combinations of healthy and unhealthy food outlet densities in Los Angeles County, California a

From: The neighborhood food environment modifies the effect of the 2009 WIC food package change on childhood obesity in Los Angeles County, California

Food outlet density per sq. mile

Included Census Tracts

N = 2080

Included WIC participants

N = 148,634

Children living in Los Angeles County b

N = 609,835

Healthy c

Unhealthy d

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

0.0 to < 1.5

0.0 to < 6.0

254 (12.21)

10,209 (6.87)

73,781 (12.10)

1.5 to < 2.5

0.0 to < 6.0

104 (5.00)

6603 (4.44)

29,600 (4.85)

2.5 to < 4.0

0.0 to < 6.0

58 (2.79)

5194 (3.49)

17,866 (2.93)

4.0 to 21.1

0.0 to < 6.0

23 (1.11)

2586 (1.74)

7574 (1.24)

0.0 to < 1.5

6.0 to < 8.5

122 (5.87)

5047 (3.40)

33,623 (5.51)

1.5 to <2.5

6.0 to < 8.5

209 (10.05)

12,599 (8.48)

61,180 (10.03)

2.5 to < 4.0

6.0 to < 8.5

136 (6.54)

12,692 (8.54)

44,403 (7.28)

4.0 to 21.1

6.0 to < 8.5

78 (3.75)

10,177 (6.85)

27,786 (4.56)

0.0 to < 1.5

8.5 to < 12.0

45 (2.16)

1941 (1.31)

12,373 (2.03)

1.5 to <2.5

8.5 to < 12.0

157 (7.55)

7922 (5.33)

44,435 (7.29)

2.5 to < 4.0

8.5 to < 12.0

210 (10.10)

17,692 (11.90)

67,161 (11.01)

4.0 to 21.1

8.5 to < 12.0

142 (6.83)

19,051 (12.82)

51,991 (8.53)

0.0 to < 1.5

12.0 to 63.3

9 (0.43)

45 (0.03)

1677 (0.27)

1.5 to <2.5

12.0 to 63.3

56 (2.69)

1872 (1.26)

13,356 (2.19)

2.5 to < 4.0

12.0 to 63.3

145 (6.97)

6920 (4.66)

37,303 (6.12)

4.0 to 21.1

12.0 to 63.3

332 (15.96)

28,040 (18.87)

85,726 (14.06)

  1. SQ square, WIC Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children
  2. aCategories of healthy and unhealthy food outlet density were determined by quartiles of the distribution for each variable
  3. bChildren under the age of 5 from the 2010 Census
  4. cHealthy outlets included supermarkets, chain and independent grocery stores and fruit/vegetable vendors
  5. dUnhealthy outlets included fast food, liquor stores and chain and independent convenience stores