Table 3 Mean, 5th and 95th percentile exposure concentrations for environmental carcinogens by route of exposure
Environmental carcinogen | Route of exposure | Mean (5th, 95th PCT) | Units | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1,2-Dichloropropane | Outdoor air | 0.017 (0.0069, 0.032) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.011 (0.0046, 0.022) | μg/m3 | Zhu et al. [15] | |
Drinking water | 0.050 (NA) | μg/L | DWSP [16] | |
1,3-Butadiene | Outdoor air | 0.047 (0.0021, 0.17) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.15 (0.030, 0.40) | μg/m3 | Health Canada [17] | |
Acrylamide | Food | 0.28 (0.16, 0.60) | μg/kg · day | AMP [18] |
Alpha-chlorinated toluenes | Outdoor air | 0.012 (0.0027, 0.031) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.016 (0.014, 0.018) | μg/m3 | Health Canada [17] | |
Arsenic | Outdoor air | 0.69 (0.10, 2.0) | ng/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.18 (0.025, 0.55) | ng/m3 | Bari et al. [19] | |
Drinking water | 0.47 (0.15, 1.06) | μg/L | DWSP [16] | |
Food | 0.57 (0.37, 0.94) | μg/kg · day | CTDS [20] | |
Dust | 18 (2.1, 38) | μg/g | CHDS [21] | |
Asbestos | Outdoor air | 0.00021 (0.000017, 0.00050) | fibers/mL | Lee et al. [22] |
Indoor air | 0.00026 (0.000023, 0.00062) | fibers/mL | Lee et al. [22] | |
Benzene | Outdoor air | 0.51 (0.12, 1.3) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 1.9 (0.18, 6.1) | μg/m3 | Zhu et al. [15] | |
Drinking water | 0.050 (NA) | μg/L | DWSP [16] | |
Cadmium | Outdoor air | 0.11 (0.022, 0.31) | ng/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.032 (0.0071, 0.084) | ng/m3 | Bari et al. [19] | |
Chromium (VI) | Outdoor air | 0.40 (0.10, 1.0) | ng/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 1.0 (0.11, 3.3) | ng/m3 | Bari et al. [19] | |
Drinking water | 0.29 (0.053, 0.78) | μg/L | DWSP [16] | |
Dust | 147 (19, 310) | μg/g | CHDS [21] | |
Dichloromethane | Outdoor air | 0.37 (0.13, 0.81) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 1.9 (0.38, 5.0) | μg/m3 | Health Canada [17] | |
Drinking water | 0.20 (NA) | μg/L | DWSP [16] | |
DPM | Outdoor air | 0.98 (0.17, 2.8) | μg/m3 | CARB [23] |
Formaldehyde | Outdoor air | 1.9 (0.33, 5.5) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 30 (12, 61) | μg/m3 | Héroux et al. [24] | |
Nickel | Outdoor air | 0.51 (0.082, 1.5) | ng/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 1.0 (0.036, 3.9) | ng/m3 | Bari et al. [19] | |
PAHs | Outdoor air | 0.099 (0.0038, 0.37) | ng/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.21 (0.013, 0.76) | ng/m3 | Li et al. [25] | |
Drinking water | 1.0 (NA) | ng/L | DWSP [16] | |
Food | 55 (30, 90) | ng/day | Kazerouni et al. [26] | |
Dust | 1.8 (0.15, 6.3) | μg/g | Maertens et al. [27] | |
PCBs | Outdoor air | 0.0031 (0.00039, 0.0095) | pg of TEQ/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.19 (0.046, 0.47) | pg of TEQ/m3 | Harrad et al. [28] | |
Food | 0.081 (0.049, 0.22) | pg of TEQ/kg · day | CTDS [20] | |
Dust | 0.0096 (0.0017, 0.019) | ng of TEQ/g | Harrad et al. [28] | |
PM2.5 | Outdoor air | 5.8 (3.8, 8.3) | μg/m3 | AQO [29] |
TCDD (dioxins) | Outdoor air | 0.014 (0.0028, 0.040) | pg of TEQ/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Food | 0.80 (0.44, 2.4) | pg of TEQ/kg · day | CTDS [20] | |
Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) | Outdoor air | 0.088 (0.017, 0.24) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.71 (0.037, 2.6) | μg/m3 | Zhu et al. [15] | |
Drinking water | 0.053 (0.033, 0.080) | μg/L | DWSP [16] | |
Trichloroethylene (TCE) | Outdoor air | 0.038 (0.0037, 0.13) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.065 (0.0079, 0.20) | μg/m3 | Zhu et al. [15] | |
Drinking water | 0.053 (0.036, 0.075) | μg/L | DWSP [16] | |
Vinyl chloride | Outdoor air | 0.0027 (0.00074, 0.0063) | μg/m3 | NAPS [14] |
Indoor air | 0.025 (0.020, 0.030) | μg/m3 | Health Canada [17] | |
Drinking water | 0.050 (NA) | μg/L | DWSP [16] |