Table 4 Overview of longitudinal studies on the association between PA and the outcome of hypertension
Author | Country | Characteristics | Follow-up time | Predictor variable: Physical activity | Outcome of interest | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cohen et al. (2012) [48] | USA (Nurses’ Health Study I cohort) | N = 78,590 women; 49 years (IQR 44–56) | 20 years | Self-reported PA | Incident hypertension (self-reported; validated in NHS I cohort) | Association between PA and incident hypertension varies by age (p-value for interaction < 0.001). |
Baseline: 1984 | METs/wk for vigorous exercise in quintiles (Q1–5) | |||||
Follow-up: 2004 | HR [95% CI] lowest for PA Q5 as compared to Q1. | |||||
- Age ≥ 50: Q1 1.0 (reference); Q2 1.00 [0.91, 1.11]; Q3 1.03 [0.94, 1.14]; Q4 1.01 [0.91, 1.12]; Q5 0.87 [0.78, 0.97] | ||||||
- Age 51–60: Q1 1.0 (reference); Q2 0.94 [0.88, 1.00]; Q3 0.94 [0.88, 1.00]; Q4 0.91 [0.85, 0.97]; Q5 0.86 [0.80, 0.92] | ||||||
- Age ≥ 61: Q1 1.0 (reference); Q2 1.03 [0.97, 1.09]; Q3 0.98 [0.93, 1.04]; Q4 0.99 [0.93, 1.05]; Q5 0.95 [0.90, 1.01] | ||||||
Lu et al. (2015) [45] | China | N = 1009, 35.48 ± 0.19 years, 63.4% males | Median 4.7 years | Self-reported PA | Incident hypertension | No significant association between PA and risk of hypertensiona: HR [95% CI] |
- Frequent | ||||||
Base line: 2004 | - Occasional | - Occasional: 0.74 [0.40, 1.39] | ||||
Follow-up: 2012 | - Everyday | - Frequent: 0.96 [0.51, 1.83] | ||||
- Everyday: 1.0 (reference) | ||||||
Medina et al. (2018) [49] | Mexico (Mexico City Diabetes Study) | N = 1541, median 45 (IQR 39–52) years; 45.1% males | Median 11.8 years | Self-reported PA (occupational, leisure, total activity in MET-min/wk of MVPA) | Incident hypertension (measured by study team) | Participants with < 1 MET-min/wk of leisure (HR 1.37 [95% CI 1.07, 1.75], p = 0.015) or occupational MVPA (HR 1.52 [1.17, 1.97], p = 0.001) had increased risk of hypertension as compared to reference group (≥ 1200 MET-min/wk)b |
Baseline: 1989–1990 | ||||||
- 1 = < 1 | ||||||
Follow-up: 1993–1994, 1997–1998, 2008–2009 | - 2 = 1–599.9 | No association was observed between total PA and hypertension. | ||||
- 3 = 600–1199.9 | ||||||
- 4 = ≥ 1200 | ||||||
Pavey et al. (2013) [46] | Australia (Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health) | N = 11,285 women, mean age 49.5 years | Baseline: 1998 | Self-reported PA (MET-min/wk) | Occurrence of hypertension (self-reported) | OR [95% CI] for hypertension declined with increasing PA volume; decline slightly greater in MVPA than MPA group MPAc | MVPAc: |
Follow-up: 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010 | - None | |||||
- > 0- < 250 | ||||||
- 250- < 500 | - None: 1.0 (reference) | |||||
- 500- < 1000 | - > 0- < 250: 0.92 [0.83, 1.02] | 0.87 [0.63, 1.04] | |||||
- 1000- < 1500 | - 250- < 500: 0.90 [0.81, 1.00] | N.A. | |||||
- 1500- < 2000 | - 500- < 1000: 0.82 [0.75, 0.91] | 0.73 [0.62, 0.86] | |||||
- > 2000 | - 1000- < 1500: 0.74 [0.66, 0.82] | 0.65 [0.55, 0.76] | |||||
- Inactive | - 1500- < 2000: 0.78 [0.68, 0.90] | 0.63 [0.54, 0.74] | |||||
- Moderate (MPA) | - > 2000: 0.80 [0.70, 0.93] | 0.56 [0.49, 0.64] | |||||
- Moderate and vigorous activity (MVPA) | ||||||
Stenehjem et al. (2018) [47] | Norway (Nord- Trøndelag Health Study) | N = 21,892, 42.7% males | 11 years | Self-reported LTPA | Incident hypertension (measured by study team) | Risk of hypertension not associated with LTPA total scored: RR [95% CI] |
Baseline: 1984–1986 | Total score | |||||
- Low | Women | Men | |||||
Follow-up: 1995–1997 | - Medium | - Low: 1.0 (reference) | ||||
High | - Medium: 0.98 [0.92, 1.05] | 0.96 [0.90, 1.03] | |||||
Frequency (per wk) | - High: 0.96 [0.90, 1.01] | 0.97 [0.90, 1.03] p = 0.138 | p = 0.276 | |||||
- None | ||||||
- < 1 | Frequency of PA associated with reduced risk of hypertension only in males (≥4/wk: RR 0.87 [0.78, 0.98]). Obese males with high PA have lower risk of hypertension (RR 1.16 [0.79, 1.70]) than obese males with low PA (RR 1.50 [1,27, 1.77]). | |||||
- 1 | ||||||
- 2–3 | ||||||
- ≥4 | ||||||
Intensity | Obese females with low PA have increased risk of hypertension (RR 1.55 [1.35, 1.77]). | |||||
- None | ||||||
- Low | ||||||
- Medium/high | ||||||
Williams & Thompson (2012) [50] | USA | N = 43,893 | Median 6.2 years | Self-reported PA | Incident hypertension | Greater MET-h/d is associated with lower risk of incident hypertension: HR [95% CI]e |
MET-h/d | ||||||
Baseline: 1998–1999 | - Light | - Running: 0.958 [0.94, 0.97] | ||||
- Moderate | - Walking: 0.928 [0.899, 0.957] | |||||
Follow-up: 2006 | - Vigorous | - Other vigorous: 0.98 [0.97, 0.99] | ||||
- Other moderate: 0.997 [0.976, 1.018] | ||||||
- Other light: 0.886 [0.739, 1.006] |