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Table 2 Clinical characteristics of study participants according to type of exercise

From: Association between type of exercise and health-related quality of life in adults without activity limitations: a nationwide cross-sectional study

 

Total

Non-exerciser

Walking

Flexibility

Resistance

Walking + Flexibility

Walking +Resistance

Flexibility +Resistance

Walking +Flexibility +Resistance

P*

N

13,437

4659

2270

2058

227

1508

159

1249

1307

 

Smoking status

         

< 0.001

 Current smoker

29.2 (0.6)

30.3 (0.8)

31.4 (1.3)

23.0 (1.2)

47.5 (4.5)

23.8 (1.5)

37.0 (4.7)

29.8 (1.7)

31.4 (1.8)

 

 Former smoker

21.0 (0.4)

18.9 (0.7)

18.5 (1.0)

18.9 (1.1)

19.7 (2.8)

17.5 (1.2)

28.5 (4.3)

30.4 (1.6)

29.2 (1.5)

 

 Non-smoker

49.8 (0.5)

50.8 (0.8)

50.1 (1.4)

58.1 (1.4)

32.8 (4.1)

58.7 (1.6)

34.5 (4.7)

39.8 (1.8)

39.5 (1.7)

 

 Problem drinker

38.4 (0.5)

36.6 (0.8)

39.3 (1.4)

32.6 (1.3)

56.3 (4.4)

32.7 (1.7)

52.5 (4.9)

42.3 (1.8)

47.9 (1.8)

< 0.001

Activities of daily living

        

< 0.001

 Light

51.4 (0.6)

56.7 (0.9)

48.3 (1.4)

53.9 (1.4)

58.9 (3.8)

45.2 (1.6)

49.9 (4.8)

47.0 (1.8)

45.2 (1.7)

 

 Normal

39.1 (0.5)

35.3 (0.8)

40.3 (1.3)

40.9 (1.3)

30.8 (3.7)

45.2 (1.6)

36.9 (4.8)

42.5 (1.8)

39.6 (1.8)

 

 Severe

9.5 (0.4)

8.1 (0.6)

11.5 (1.0)

5.3 (0.6)

10.4 (2.8)

9.5 (1.1)

13.3 (3.2)

10.6 (1.2)

15.3 (1.4)

 

BMI (kg/m2)

         

< 0.001

 <  18.5

4.8 (0.2)

6.3 (0.5)

6.2 (0.7)

3.9 (0.5)

2.6 (1.2)

4.4 (0.6)

2.6 (1.4)

2.0 (0.5)

2.9 (0.6)

 

 18.5–25

63.6 (0.5)

61.2 (0.9)

67.3 (1.2)

64.4 (1.4)

65.6 (4.3)

64.3 (1.5)

59.2 (4.8)

63.6 (1.8)

64.0 (1.7)

 

 ≥ 25

31.5 (0.5)

32.5 (0.9)

26.5 (1.2)

31.6 (1.3)

31.8 (4.1)

31.3 (1.5)

38.2 (4.8)

34.4 (1.9)

33.1 (1.7)

 

Past medical history

 Hypertension

13.4 (0.4)

15.0 (0.7)

11.7 (0.7)

13.1 (0.8)

12.9 (2.3)

11.9 (1.0)

12.0 (2.5)

14.5 (1.2)

12.6 (1.0)

0.015

 Diabetes mellitus

4.8 (0.2)

5.5 (0.4)

4.2 (0.5)

3.7 (0.4)

4.3 (1.5)

4.5 (0.6)

6.5 (2.1)

4.9 (0.7)

5.2 (0.7)

0.145

 Malignancy

1.0 (0.1)

0.9 (0.2)

0.9 (0.2)

1.4 (0.3)

0.9 (0.5)

0.9 (0.2)

0.3 (0.3)

0.7 (0.2)

1.0 (0.2)

0.416

 Stroke

0.5 (0.1)

0.5 (0.1)

0.4 (0.1)

0.4 (0.1)

0.4 (0.3)

0.5 (0.2)

0.4 (0.3)

0.5 (0.2)

0.5 (0.3)

0.998

 CVD

1.3 (0.1)

1.2 (0.2)

1.4 (0.3)

1.4 (0.3)

1.0 (0.7)

1.0 (0.2)

0.7 (0.5)

1.4 (0.3)

1.3 (0.3)

0.896

 Arthritis

6.0 (0.2)

6.8 (0.4)

6.5 (0.6)

7.2 (0.6)

4.1 (1.6)

6.0 (0.7)

2.5 (1.3)

4.4 (0.6)

3.7 (0.5)

< 0.001

  1. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, CVD cardiovascular disease
  2. Data are presented as percentage (SE)
  3. *P-values were obtained using a Pearson chi-squared test
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