Socioeconomic variations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment in rural Southwest China

Table 3 Logistic regression for prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by socioeconomic status

Variable	Prevalence		Diagnosis		Receiving treatment
Variable	Adjusted odds ratio^a	95% CI	Adjusted odds ratio^a	95% CI	Adjusted odds ratio^a	95% CI
Ethnicity
(reference: Han ethnic majority)
Na Xi ethnic minority	1.83**	(1.34, 2.15)	0.17**	(0.11, 0.27)	0.17**	(0.11, 0.28)
Bai ethnic minority	1.42**	(1.20, 1.68)	0.29**	(0.20, 0.42)	0.28**	(0.19, 0.41)
Level of education
(reference: Primary (grade 1–6) or lower)
Middle (grade 7–9) or higher	0.89*	(0.75. 0.99)	2.85**	(2.00, 4.06)	2.79**	(1.95, 3.99)
Approximate annual household income
(reference: Poor)
Good	1.02	(0.89, 1.17)	1.13	(0.83, 1.56)	1.16*	(1.04, 1.60)
Access to medical services
(reference: Poor)
Good	0.85*	(0.73, 0.99)	1.33**	(1.18, 1.56)	1.14*	(1.02, 1.58)

* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, ^a adjusted for age, sex, current smokers, SHS exposure, tobacco cultivation, daily indoor exposure to biomass fuel, underweight status, and family history of lung disease