Table 3 Clinical, sociodemographic, and dietary characteristics by double burden diagnostic category in a sample of adults from rural South India
Characteristic | Category 1: Neither anemia nor overweight (n = 250) | Category 2: Anemia only (n = 218) | Category 3: Overweight or obese only (n = 145) | Category 4: Co-morbid anemia and overweight or obese (n = 138) | p-value for trend* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Descriptive characteristics | |||||
 Age | 44.9 ± 15.0 | 51.5 ± 16.1 | 45.5 ± 11.7 | 46.2 ± 13.3 | < 0.001a,d,e |
 Women (%) | 41.7 | 65.1 | 49.0 | 68.1 | < 0.001a,c,d,f |
 Hypertension (%) | 22.4 | 24.1 | 41.5 | 40.1 | < 0.001a,b,d,e |
 Rurality Index | −0.21 ± 1.31 | −0.24 ± 1.14 | −0.94 ± 1.41 | −1.07 ± 1.21 | < 0.001b,c,d,e |
 Current tobacco consumer (%) | 44.1 | 44.7 | 34.7 | 25.7 | 0.001c,e |
 Muslim (Hindu as referent) religion (%) | 3.6 | 1.8 | 5.5 | 5.1 | 0.24 |
Wealth and possession attributes | |||||
 Wealth index | 11.00 ± 4.31 | 9.56 ± 4.35 | 12.17 ± 4.81 | 11.73 ± 5.10 | < 0.001a,d,e |
 High-quality (pucca) housing (%) | 10.7 | 8.3 | 20.7 | 18.8 | 0.001b,d,e |
 Land ownership (acres) | 1.50 ± 1.85 | 1.20 ± 1.54 | 1.21 ± 1.86 | 1.07 ± 1.99 | 0.11 |
 Livestock ownership (%) | 51.8 | 46.3 | 34.5 | 25.5 | < 0.001b.c,e |
 In-house tap water (%) | 7.5 | 5.5 | 11.7 | 9.4 | 0.18 |
Physical activity habits | |||||
 Physical Activity (hours/day of moderate physical activity) | 4.55 ± 3.66 | 3.98 ± 3.43 | 3.59 ± 3.77 | 3.38 ± 3.77 | 0.008c |
 Sedentary time (hours/day) | 4.06 ± 2.50 | 4.42 ± 2.85 | 4.76 ± 2.91 | 4.9 ± 2.70 | 0.0093 |
 Television time (hours/day) | 1.33 ± 1.26 | 1.23 ± 1.24 | 1.68 ± 1.36 | 1.81 ± 1.33 | < 0.001c,d,e |
 Labour occupation (%) | 54.7 | 64.5 | 47.6 | 44.9 | 0.001d,e |
Dietary intake (g/1000 kcal unless otherwise specified) | |||||
 Current alcohol consumer (%) | 52.3 | 41.7 | 49.7 | 44.2 | 0.10 |
 Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 2436 ± 868 | 2307 ± 634 | 2436 ± 694 | 2353 ± 643 | 0.20 |
 Carbohydrates | 179.8 ± 15.6 | 183.2 ± 13.3 | 176.3 ± 14.7 | 176.7 ± 12.9 | < 0.001d,e |
 Protein | 25.8 ± 2.1 | 25.3 ± 1.8 | 25.8 ± 1.9 | 25.7 ± 1.7 | 0.031 |
 Total fat | 19.2 ± 5.5 | 18.3 ± 5.1 | 20.9 ± 5.0 | 21.3 ± 4.8 | < 0.001b,c,d,e |
 Dietary fibre | 22.4 ± 5.2 | 22.6 ± 5.3 | 21.3 ± 5.0 | 20.7 ± 4.6 | < 0.001c,d,e |
 Dairy products | 81.0 ± 73.0 | 75.0 ± 65.4 | 81.6 ± 65.3 | 89.2 ± 65.1 | 0.29 |
 Pulses and legumes | 26.4 ± 11.4 | 26.2 ± 12.1 | 28.7 ± 12.2 | 29.2 ± 10.7 | 0.005 |
 Meat and poultry | 3.8 ± 4.9 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 3.4 ± 03.9 | 2.8 ± 03.9 | < 0.001a |
 Fruits and vegetables | 73.0 ± 46.7 | 68.7 ± 42.4 | 83.3 ± 49.0 | 87.2 ± 56.1 | < 0.001d,e |
 Refined grains | 63.6 ± 34.3 | 63.3 ± 31.9 | 71.5 ± 27.0 | 74.4 ± 32.7 | 0.001c,e |