Table 4 Instrumental Variable Fixed Effect Panel Regression Estimates

General health

0.0895^***

0.117^***

0.0606^**

(4.04)

(3.49)

(2.06)

GHQ12

− 0.00968^***

− 0.00486

− 0.0122^**

(−2.61)

(− 0.86)

(−2.49)

Age

− 0.0105^***

− 0.0135^***

− 0.00814^***

−0.0111^***

− 0.0147^***

− 0.00828^***

(−10.98)

(−9.22)

(−6.41)

(− 11.93)

(− 10.57)

(−6.60)

BHPS

− 0.126^***

−0.121^***

− 0.130^***

−0.123^***

− 0.122^***

−0.124^***

(− 10.68)

(−6.80)

(−8.27)

(− 10.53)

(−6.93)

(−7.91)

Couple

0.0632^***

0.0619^***

0.0724^***

0.0591^***

0.0532^***

0.0710^***

(4.98)

(3.14)

(4.38)

(4.68)

(2.76)

(4.28)

Higher Education

0.193^***

0.113^**

0.247^***

0.177^***

0.0899^**

0.235^***

(6.22)

(2.56)

(5.84)

(5.76)

(2.05)

(5.63)

Child 0–2

−0.0575^***

−0.0752^***

−0.0434^***

−0.0575^***

− 0.0782^***

−0.0405^***

(−5.64)

(−4.87)

(−3.20)

(−5.81)

(−5.24)

(−3.06)

Child 3–4

−0.0239^**

−0.0376^**

− 0.0107

−0.0225^**

− 0.0394^**

−0.00697

(−2.27)

(−2.30)

(−0.78)

(−2.18)

(− 2.46)

(− 0.51)

Child 5–11

0.0649^***

0.0277^***

0.0943^***

0.0643^***

0.0301^***

0.0911^***

(9.22)

(2.58)

(10.14)

(9.31)

(2.87)

(9.97)

Child 12–15

0.0470^***

0.0427^***

0.0519^***

0.0493^***

0.0424^***

0.0558^***

(5.88)

(3.46)

(4.94)

(6.29)

(3.55)

(5.39)

Real Family Income

0.0000197^***

0.0000194^***

0.0000226^***

0.0000201^***

0.0000186^***

0.0000252^***

(6.36)

(4.99)

(4.39)

(6.53)

(4.82)

(4.93)

Self employed

−0.0294

− 0.0125

− 0.0154

− 0.0333

− 0.0167

− 0.0269

(− 0.82)

(− 0.24)

(− 0.31)

(− 0.95)

(−0.33)

(− 0.54)

Employed

0.0473

0.0992^**

0.0120

0.0431

0.0904^*

0.0101

(1.45)

(2.00)

(0.28)

(1.36)

(1.91)

(0.24)

Unemployed

−0.0435

0.00134

− 0.0809^*

−0.0345

− 0.00631

−0.0597

(−1.27)

(0.03)

(−1.76)

(−1.02)

(−0.13)

(−1.29)

Retired

−0.0667^*

−0.0436

− 0.0831^*

−0.0864^**

− 0.0805

− 0.0895^**

(− 1.91)

(− 0.80)

(− 1.83)

(−2.52)

(− 1.54)

(− 1.97)

Maternity leave

− 0.0210

− 0.0536

− 0.0373

− 0.0697

(− 0.44)

(− 0.97)

(− 0.79)

(− 1.27)

Family care

−0.0147

− 0.0580

− 0.0354

− 0.0138

− 0.0405

−0.0277

(−0.43)

(−0.82)

(− 0.81)

(− 0.41)

(−0.61)

(− 0.63)

Full-time study

0.0809^**

0.135^**

0.0473

0.0675^*

0.106^*

0.0448

(2.14)

(2.31)

(0.95)

(1.84)

(1.90)

(0.92)

Long-term sick

−0.0535

−0.0289

−0.0746

− 0.0624^*

−0.0764

− 0.0554

(−1.45)

(−0.51)

(− 1.55)

(− 1.70)

(− 1.40)

(− 1.12)

Constant

1.147^***

1.241^***

1.073^***

1.560^***

1.733^***

1.401^***

(12.05)

(8.40)

(8.66)

(23.48)

(17.93)

(15.39)

n

150,298

67,144

83,154

153,382

68,525

84,857

Sargan-Hansen χ²(3)

4.870

5.081

3.511

4.121

5.266

2.894

 F(4, 34,423)

558.74^***

 F(4, 15,243)

248.59^***

 F(4, 19,176)

307.87^***

 F(4, 34,499)

295.55^***

 F(4, 15,270)

132.36^***

 F(4, 19,225)

165.50^***