Determinants of under-nutrition among children under five years of age in Ethiopia

Kassie, Gashu Workneh; Workie, Demeke Lakew

doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08539-2

BMC Public Health

Table 6 Maximum likelihood estimates of Partial proportional odds model

From: Determinants of under-nutrition among children under five years of age in Ethiopia

Predictors		Severely undernourished versus nourished and moderately undernourished
Predictors		Coefficient	Std. Error	Z	P > \|z\|	Odds ratio	95% CI for OR
Region	Afar	0.198	0.115	1.73	0.084	1.219	(0.974, 1.525)
	Amhara	0.328	0.101	3.25	0.001	1.389	(1.139, 1.693)
	Oromia	−0.152	0.102	−1.49	0.136	0.859	(0.704, 1.049)
	Somali	−0.312	0.113	−2.76	0.006	0.732	(0.586, 0.914)
	Benshangul	0.293	0.114	2.57	0.010	1.341	(1.073, 1.677)
	SNNPR	−0.007	0.105	− 0.07	0.946	0.993	(0.808, 1.220)
	Gambela	−0.439	0.141	−3.12	0.002	0.645	(0.489, 0.849)
	Harari	−0.213	0.127	−1.68	0.092	0.808	(0.630, 1.036)
	Addis Ababa	−0.812	0.173	−4.69	0.000	0.444	(0.316, 0.624)
	Dire Dawa	0.237	0.143	1.66	0.097	1.267	(0.958, 1.676)
Residence	Rural	−0.138	0.104	−1.32	0.186	0.871	(0.711, 1.069)
Mother’ education	Primary	−0.100	0.061	−1.62	0.105	0.905	(0.803, 1.021)
Mother’ education	Secondary & above	−0.547	0.116	−4.72	0.000	0.579	(0.461, 0.726)
Drinking water	Unimproved	0.102	0.051	2.01	0.045	1.108	(1.002, 1.224)
House hold size	5–9	0.054	0.069	0.78	0.434	1.055	(0.922, 1.207)
House hold size	10 & more	0.208	0.123	1.70	0.089	1.232	(0.969, 1.566)
No children< 5 years	2	−0.144	0.076	−1.90	0.057	0.866	(0.746, 1.004)
No children< 5 years	3 and more	0.150	0.055	2.72	0.007	1.162	(1.043, 1.294)
Wealth index	Poorer	0.082	0.070	1.18	0.238	1.085	(0.947, 1.244)
	Middle	−0.204	0.076	−2.67	0.008	0.815	(0.702, 0.947)
	Richer	−0.453	0.083	−5.44	0.000	0.636	(0.540, 0.748)
	Richest	−0.612	0.121	−5.06	0.000	0.542	(0.428, 0.688)
Anemia	Anemic	0.197	0.050	3.95	0.000	1.218	(1.105, 1.343)
Husband’s education	Primary	−0.188	0.063	−3.01	0.003	0.828	(0.732, 0.936)
Husband’s education	Secondary & above	−0.171	0.086	−2.00	0.045	0.843	(0.712, 0.996)
Birth order	2–3	−0.059	0.074	−0.79	0.428	0.943	(0.816, 1.090)
	4–5	0.096	0.093	1.03	0.302	1.101	(0.917, 1.320)
	6 and more	0.050	0.095	0.53	0.598	1.052	(0.872, 1.268)
Multiple birth	1st of multiple	0.725	0.210	3.45	0.001	2.066	(1.369, 3.112)
Multiple birth	2nd of multiple	0.796	0.222	3.58	0.000	2.216	(1.433, 3.427)
Sex	Female	−0.214	0.053	−4.07	0.000	0.808	(0.729, 0.895)
Age of child in month	6–11	0.583	0.123	4.74	0.000	1.792	(1.408, 2.281)
	12–23	1.646	0.107	15.37	0.000	5.185	(4.203, 6.395)
	24–35	2.057	0.107	19.19	0.000	7.819	(6.338, 9.647)
	36–34	1.980	0.107	0.000	0.000	7.244	(5.869, 8.941)
	48–59	1.859	0.107	17.33	0.000	6.415	(5.199, 7.916)
Fever	Yes	0.237	0.077	3.06	0.002	1.267	(1.089, 1.475)
Cough	Yes	−0.019	0.074	−0.26	0.793	0.981	(0.849, 1.133)
Mother’s age at birth	20–34	−0.110	0.049	−2.24	0.025	0.895	(0.813, 0.986)
Mother’s age at birth	35–49	0.296	0.562	0.53	0.599	1.344	(0.447, 4.046)
BMI of mother	Normal	−0.349	0.055	−6.36	0.000	0.705	(0.633, 0.785)
BMI of mother	Overweight	−0.939	0.106	−8.87	0.000	0.391	(0.318, 0.481)
Constant		−1.929	0.191	10.09	0.000	0.145	(0.100, 0.211)

Key: the reference category for predictors is: Region (Tigray), Residence (urban), mother’s education (no education), source of drinking water (improved source), house hold size (1–4), number of children < 5 years (1), wealth index (poorest), anemia (no), husband’s education (no education), birth order (1), multiple birth (single), sex (male), age of child (0–6), diarrhea (no), cough (no), fever (no), mother’s age at birth (< 20), BMI (thin); BMI (Body mass index); Std. Error (Standard error); CI (confidence Interval) OR (Odds Ratio).

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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