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Table 3 Sociodemographic and sleep characteristics and lifestyle in the groups with sleep problems

From: Impact of sleep problems on daytime function in school life: a cross-sectional study involving Japanese university students

 

Insomnia

(n = 257)

Without Insomnia

(n = 754)

BIISS

(n = 28)

Without BIISS

(n = 916)

DSWP

(n = 20)

Without DSWP

(n = 936)

BIISS + DSWP

(n = 46)

Without BIISS + DSWP

(n = 898)

Age (y)

19.8 ± 1.2

19.6 ± 1.2 a

20.0 ± 1.2

19.7 ± 1.2

19.8 ± 1.0

19.7 ± 1.2

19.9 ± 1.0

19.7 ± 1.2

Sex

 Female (%)

79

78

100

79 a

70

80

87

79

Grade

 Freshman (%)

31

37

25

36

25

36

20

36

 Sophomore (%)

24

23

25

23

15

23

28

22

 Junior (%)

30

27

32

27

50

27

37

27

 Senior (%)

16

14

18

15

10

15

15

15

Living alone

 Yes (%)

21

21

0

22 a

55

20 a

17

21

Commute time (min)

59.6 ± 33.4

59.5 ± 34.4

85.4 ± 25.1

58.5 ± 33.5 a

23.2 ± 20.0

60.0 ± 33.3 a

66.2 ± 34.2

58.9 ± 33.5

School hours (h)

6.9 ± 1.9

7.0 ± 1.8

7.4 ± 1.4

7.0 ± 1.8

6.1 ± 1.6

7.0 ± 1.8 a

6.8 ± 2.0

7.0 ± 1.8

Class start time (h:m)

9:18 ± 0:46

9:20 ± 0:46

8:59 ± 0:26

9:18 ± 0:45 a

10:04 ± 1:11

9:17 ± 0:44 a

9:22 ± 0:51

9:18 ± 1:36

Class closing time (h:m)

16:11 ± 1:39

16:17 ± 1:35

16:22 ± 1:22

16:15 ± 1:37

16:07 ± 1:57

16:15 ± 1:36

16:10 ± 1:39

16:16 ± 1:37

Club activities

 Yes (%)

32

41 a

14

39 a

45

38

22

39 a

Part-time job

 Yes (%)

65

68

68

66

75

66

78

65

Exercise habit

 Yes (%)

46

49

25

49 a

50

47

33

49 a

Alcohol consumption

 Yes (%)

47

41

57

42

55

42

59

42 a

Smoking

 Yes (%)

6

5

4

5

20

5 a

4

5

Self-rated health status

 Poor (%)

41

22 a

25

27

20

27

39

26

Stress

 Yes (%)

56

41 a

46

45

45

45

65

44 a

Duration of nap

  < 10 min (%)

27

31

31

30

20

30

15

31

 10–29 min (%)

30

36

35

34

45

34

37

34

 30–59 min (%)

22

19

19

19

10

20

24

19

 ≥ 1 h (%)

21

13 b

15

15

25

15

24

15

Frequency of dreaming during nap

 Often (%)

18

12 b

11

14

10

14

26

13 b

 Sometimes (%)

53

53

64

52

60

52

52

53

 Not (%)

30

35

25

33

30

33

22

34

Sleep-related symptoms

 Difficulty initiating sleep (%)

76

10 a

25

26

30

26

39

26 a

 Difficulty maintaining sleep (%)

24

5 a

7

10

5

10

13

9

 Early morning awakening (%)

15

4 a

4

6

0

6

4

6

 Difficulty awakening (%)

42

51 a

43

49

80

49 a

74

48 a

 Hypnagogic hallucination (%)

27

15 a

32

18

15

19

35

18 a

 Sleep paralysis (%)

15

10 a

11

12

15

11

20

11

 REM parasomnia [7] (%)

57

47 a

57

49

60

49

61

49

 NREM parasomnia [8] (%)

24

15 a

14

17

35

16 a

24

16

  1. asignificantly difference between the students with the sleep problem and without the sleep problem
  2. bsignificantly higher than other students by residual analysis (adjusted residual ≥1.96)
  3. BIISS Behaviorally induced insufficient sleep syndrome, DSWP Delayed sleep-wake phase
  4. REM Rapid eye movement, NREM Non-rapid eye movement
  5. REM parasomnia: nightmare and / or acting out their dreams
  6. NREM parasomnia: night terrors, defective awakening, and / or sleep walking
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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