The impact of gun violence restraining order laws in the U.S. and firearm suicide among older adults: a longitudinal state-level analysis, 2012–2016

Table 3 Relationship between GVRO Laws and Suicide Rate Among Older Adults from 2012 to 2016 in the US

Older Adults (> 65 years)	Firearm-related suicide rate	Non-firearm related suicide rate
	Model 7 (R² = 0.47)	Model 8 (R² = 0.33)
	β(SE)	β(SE)
GVRO law	−2.54(1.13)^a	−0.35(0.48)
Poverty rate	0.49(0.06)^b	−0.05(0.03)
Population density	- < 0.01(<.01)^b	<.01(<.01)^a
Medicaid generosity	−1.18(0.54)^b	0.71(0.24)^b
Older adult population share	19.05(16.10)	23.88(7.35)^b
Female population share	−240.80(40.72)^b	−118.70 (20.02)^b
Older Adults (55–64 years)	Firearm-related suicide rate	Non-firearm related suicide rate
	Model 10 (R² = 0.51)	Model 11 (R² = 0.30)
	β(SE)	β(SE)
GVRO law	−2.45(0.97)^a	−0.02(0.53)
Poverty rate	0.48(0.06)^b	−0.09(0.03)^b
Population density	- < 0.01(<.01)^b	<.01(<.01)
Medicaid generosity	−1.81(0.44)^b	0.96(0.24)^b
Older adult population share	35.42(19.95)	−17.10(10.90)
Female population share	−197.20(27.83)^b	−99.66(17.21)^b

Footnotes. GVRO Gun violence restraining order; SE Standard error; N = 242. This table displays fixed effects models of state-level sociodemographic and policy factors predicting firearm- and non-firearm-related suicide rates among older adult populations in the US, excluding the District of Columbia and US territories. Models are adjusted for year. ^aValue is significant at the 0.05 level. ^bValue is significant at the 0.01 level

ISSN: 1471-2458