Table 2 Themes of Active Aging Extracted From the Narrative Review

Person

Personal characteristic/determinants

Age

[7, 23, 31,32,33,34]

Gender

Education level

Ethnicity

Residential tenure

Marital status

Home ownership

Household size

Current driving license

Employment

Eating and drinking habitat

[23, 35]

Family support

[23, 36]

SELF-CARE

[23, 37]

SELF-PROMOTION

[23, 37]

Mutual-help

[23, 37]

Self-esteem

[23, 37]

Life satisfaction

[23, 38]

Travel behavior

[23, 39]

Behavioral attitude/ determinants

Cigarette smoking

[38]

[23, 40]

Alcohol consumption

Practicing exercises/ kind/frequency/length of activity

Place

Land- use

Shopping and obtaining services

The arrangement of activities and the the impact between trip origin and destinations

Amount of activity in a given area

The proximity of different land uses

[23, 33, 41,42,43]

Service proximity

[23, 44]

Public facilities

[23, 33, 45]

Land use mix diversity / land-use composition

Amenities and facilities, such as library, community center, local

shops, traditional clinics, community outreach projects

[33, 41, 43, 46,47,48,49]

Facilities management

[50]

Exercise, sports, and recreation facilities

[51, 52]

Access

Connectivity

Connectivity and inter-linkages: Layering and sequence from

private zone to community gathering zone and neighborhood

Directness and availability of alternative

routes through a neighborhood

Directness and availability to different

areas in a region, composed of

street system, sidewalk network,

pedestrian volumes, and directness

of route

[43, 53,54,55]

Accessibility services

The proximity of the home block and its

neighborhood amenities

Systems that provide connections between

activities

[7, 23, 33, 48, 54, 56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63]

Physical activity/ walkable environment/

Pavements and roads; safe pedestrian

crossings

Pedestrian infrastructure, good sidewalks, surface area of open

space,

[31, 33, 41,42,43, 48, 49, 51, 53,54,55,56, 58, 59, 63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77]

Mobility

Exterior and interior accessibility

Ease of activities, convenience, disabled facilities, comfortable

movement

[39, 52, 53, 55, 58, 65, 71, 78,79,80,81]

Transportation (public)

Adequate and affordable public transport; bus stops

[7, 33, 57, 58, 60, 68, 71, 75, 79, 82]

Physical form

Neighborhood characteristics

The number of noticeable differences

in a street; also defines the level of

the complexity of an environment, and,

thus, the interest in the pedestrian

[43, 62]

Urban Block: density

Lack of nuisance, free from crowds

[43, 83, 84]

Safety: Traffic/speed, volume

[7, 31, 33, 41, 48, 63, 68, 75]

Security: Crime/personal security/fall prevention architectural elements

Perceived safety, access to protection, environmental support,

close environment satisfaction, care, and support from family,

social support and Medicare

[7, 41, 42, 44, 53, 54, 60, 85, 86]

Access to nature and green spaces

Contact with nature, green spaces, parks, gardens, micro-climate

[53,54,55, 79, 87]

Topography / slope

[23]

Cityscape/City Image

Perceived distance

Legibility/image

Way finding, understanding, and legibility of directions

[64]

Perceived aesthetic/environmental attractiveness

Attractiveness and appeal of a place

[31, 33, 43, 46, 48, 55, 63, 75, 85]

Natural scenery

[33, 41]

Public open spaces

Street lighting

Outdoor lighting

[33, 53, 57, 88]

Pedestrian safety

[9]

Area of green and open spaces

[89]

Recreation/ public open spaces

[90]

Cleanness/lack of littering/vandalism/decay

Physical comfort: Cleanliness, visual attractiveness,

[43, 54, 55, 75, 85]

Sufficient maintenance and management

Maintain structural and planting quality, upkeep of scenic beauty

[54, 64]

Pollution (air, visual, noise, litter …)

fresh air, free from noise and congestion

[56]

Pleasant environment

[54]

Landscape

Outdoor seating/urban furniture/

spatial setting

Seating area for rest, communal spaces, special seating, talking

Spaces/

[43, 53,54,55, 57, 64]

Housing

Universal design/ Housing quality variable

[47, 68, 91, 92]

Neighborhood Safety

[9]

Residential density/density of housing

[41, 47,48,49, 93]

Older Residential Care Facility

[70]

Outdoor gardens

[56, 94]

Type of housing

[95,96,97]

Process

Social Environment

Life expectancy

[44]

Quality of life / wellbeing

[1, 35, 52, 58, 70, 72, 93]

Social interaction/ network

Community and social participation/interaction/relation, sense of

community, community building, sense of belonging

[7, 14, 54, 60, 79, 98]

Happiness

[99]

Affordability

[44]

Social inclusion

Ability to participate in economic and social activities (paid/volunteer work)

[41, 44, 53, 60, 63, 79, 83, 100]

Social inequalities

[69]

Social demography

[31, 101]

Social democracy

[41, 102]

Participation (in the planning, implementation and evaluation process, civic participation)

The sense of community ownership and involvement in site planning and management, social activities

[7, 32, 39, 42, 65, 79, 80, 83, 86, 103,104,105,106]

Social class

[23]

Social support/ community life facilities and services

[40, 51, 54, 63]

Education, learning, employment and volunteering,

[40]

Social capital/ social trust/ Social cohesion

[63]

Cultural Environment

Religious activity

[42, 53, 57, 80, 85, 87]

Cultural events/rituals/social activity

Forms of recreation, such as walking and other exercises

The sense of place: place attachment/ place identity

Heritage, sense of place, the importance of local identity, cultural components integrated into the planning and management of the site

Economic Environment

Health care services

[7, 40, 57, 86]

Limited income/pension

[40]

Insurance coverage

[40]

Socioeconomic status

[31, 41]

Affordable housing

[7]

Car ownership

[41]

Economic security

Homeownership

[1]

Household income

[23]

Living situation

[23, 41, 70]

Employment

[23]

Policy Making

Good Governance

Effective collaboration and political commitment to the elder

[91, 107,108,109,110,111,112,113]

Performance orientation

Managers /Independence and autonomy /Local Policies Planning and Governance

[61, 70, 73, 112,113,114]

Openness, transparency, and integrity governance

Equity / inclusiveness

Prime

Physical Health

Disability

[39, 52, 66]

Public health / health environment

The sense of health, emotional well-being, relaxation and avoiding distress, happiness

[23, 39, 42, 53, 57, 67, 77, 88]

Incidence of disease

[23]

Pain feeling

[23]

Functional ability

[23]

Risk of institutionalization

[23]

Self-reported falls

[23, 34]

Self-reported health

[23]

Physical activity

[1, 23, 42, 86, 93]

Activities of daily living

[23]

Genetic factors

[23]

Body mass index obesity

[23, 67]

Sleep hygiene

[37]

Personal hygiene

[37]

Mental Health

Depressive symptoms

Personal esteem, autonomy, and empowerment, independence,

self-efficacy, attachment to the place

from stress; PE: positive emotions; AC: attention capacity; CC: cognitive capacity.

[23, 39, 57, 65, 88, 93]

Cognitive functioning

Psychological distress

Psychological wellbeing

Anxiety

Anger

Restorative activity

Spiritual activity

Self-actualization

Provide opportunities for learning, gaining knowledge

[53, 79, 115]

Social Health

1) family, (2) work, (3) community involvement, and (4) social life

[39, 41, 70, 116, 117]

sense of community identity; CE: community empowerment; SC: social capital; CL: culture

[98, 116]