Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the participants in the Asian cities
| Â | Tokyo | Hong Kong | Shanghai | Taipei | Bangkok | Kuala Lumpur | Seoul | Singapore | Total | p value | Post-hoc tests |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects | 1045 | 1132 | 1485 | 1336 | 972 | 1434 | 1247 | 1096 | 9747 | Â | Â |
Age (y) | 13.3 ± 0.9 | 13.5 ± 1.0 | 14.0 ± 0.8 | 13.8 ± 0.9 | 14.0 ± 0.9 | 13.7 ± 1.0 | 13.4 ± 1.0 | 13.5 ± 1.2 | 13.6 ± 1.0 | < 0.001 | Shanghai, Bangkok > Taipei, Kuala Lumpur > Hong Kong, Singapore > Seoul, Tokyo |
% of boys (n) | 52.7 (551) | 56.2 (636) | 51.1 (759) | 53.6 (716) | 50.0 (486) | 49.7 (712) | 60.1 (749) | 54.4 (596) | 53.4 (5205) | 0.147 | Â |
Anthropometric characteristics | |||||||||||
 Height (cm) | 157.5 ± 8.1 | 160.8 ± 8.3 | 164.4 ± 7.8 | 160.9 ± 7.9 | 158.9 ± 8.0 | 155.6 ± 8.2 | 161.1 ± 8.2 | 159.8 ± 8.9 | 160.0 ± 8.6 | < 0.001 | Shanghai > Seoul, Taipei, Hong Kong > Singapore, Bangkok > Tokyo > Kuala Lumpur |
 Weight (kg) | 48.8 ± 10.3 | 52.3 ± 12.5 | 56.5 ± 12.2 | 55.6 ± 13.3 | 53.2 ± 14.4 | 49.7 ± 12.1 | 55.6 ± 11.7 | 52.0 ± 13.4 | 53.0 ± 12.7 | < 0.001 | Shanghai, Seoul, Taipei > Bangkok, Hong Kong, Singapore > Kuala Lumpur, Tokyo |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 19.5 ± 3.1 | 20.1 ± 3.9 | 20.8 ± 3.7 | 21.3 ± 4.3 | 20.9 ± 4.8 | 20.4 ± 4.2 | 21.3 ± 3.6 | 20.2 ± 4.2 | 20.6 ± 4.0 | < 0.001 | Seoul, Taipei, Bangkok, Shanghai, Kuala Lumpur > Singapore, Hong Kong > Tokyo |
 MVPA (min/day) | 73.5 ± 76.4 | 38.0 ± 53.6 | 37.9 ± 26.3 | 43.3 ± 59.4 | 42.8 ± 56.1 | 39.9 ± 44.7 | 59.7 ± 69.2 | 52.2 ± 58.5 | 47.9 ± 57.7 | < 0.001 | Tokyo > Seoul > Singapore > Taipei, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Hong Kong, Shanghai |
 Television time (h/day) | 2.50 ± 1.45 | 1.69 ± 1.36 | 1.24 ± 0.99 | 1.80 ± 1.31 | 1.81 ± 1.34 | 2.88 ± 1.02 | 1.49 ± 1.21 | 1.56 ± 1.34 | 1.87 ± 1.36 | < 0.001 | Kuala Lumpur > Tokyo > Bangkok, Taipei, Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul > Shanghai |
 15-m PACER z-score | 1.11 ± 1.14 | − 0.24 ± 0.83 | 0.04 ± 0.76 | − 0.13 ± 0.85 | −0.53 ± 0.74 | −0.43 ± 0.74 | −0.01 ± 0.83 | 0.00 ± 1.06 | 0.00 ± 1.00 | < 0.001 | Tokyo > Shanghai, Singapore, Seoul > Taipei > Hong Kong > Kuala Lumpur, Bangkok |