Table 1 Intervention description, purpose, evidence, and factors influencing use

Mindfulness

Training (MT)

Can be developed through meditation and designed to become self-aware of own reactions. MT could be delivered via professional counselling (e.g. psychologist) at subsidised cost and/or free online materials.

Cope with cigarette cravings, urges, and stress (can all present as significant barriers to quit smoking).

[29, 30]

Cost of professional support. However, there are free online materials.

Motivational

Interviewing (MI)

A counselling approach used to help a smoker resolve uncertainty between wanting to smoke and quit. Quitline offers a free service.

To help smokers who are thinking of quitting increase and maintain their level of motivation, confidence, and self-belief to quit.

[31,32,33].

Quitline is a professional support telephone service,which provides free motivational interviewing.

Setting Realistic

Goals (SRG)

Developing a clear and specific plan of how quitting will happen, e.g. peer support for stressful periods. Could be delivered with the help of professional support, to help break-down steps.

Break down steps to quitting, makes goals more achievable, which builds confidence, self-belief and motivation to quit.

[23, 34,35,36]

Relatively inexpensive. Professional support can

help with breaking down steps.

Smoke-free

Environment

(SFE)

Places or groups where smoking does not happen, e.g. sports clubs.

More healthful social networks and relationships that can help reinvent a non-smoker identity. Face fewer smoking triggers.

[7].

No financial costs. Decision may be made to leave behind friends, because they smoke.

Mobile Phone Apps

As an example, Text2Quit is a mobile phone text message app that includes social support, tracking progress, and giving tips on cravings [37].

Tailor messages for user and send timely messages. Tools for self-monitoring, and reminders. Helps cope with cravings and can improve self-esteem, self-belief, confidence, and motivation to quit.

[38, 39]

Access to Smartphone. Knowledge and ability to download mobile phone apps. Cost of app. Can connect to support groups.

Support Groups

(SG)

Smokers contemplating quitting, meeting together. Participants offer emotional support and encouragement to quit. Trained ex-smoker can be included to act as a group facilitator/peer mentor.

Enhance self-esteem and lessen stress. Building self-belief, confidence and motivation to quit. Trained ex-smoker facilitator is a role model, that helps build self-belief in quitting.

[40, 41]

May require attending multiple support group sessions