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Table 2 By-Group (Intervention vs. Waitlist Control Child Participants, ages 4- to 10-Years Old) Effects of the 10-Week Simple Suppers Intervention: Difference at Post-Intervention (T1) Controlling for Baseline (T0) Values

From: Child diet and health outcomes of the simple suppers program: a 10-week, 2-group quasi-experimental family meals trial

Outcomes

Intervention

Waitlist Control

β

P-Value

95% CI

T0

T1

Δ

T0

T1

Δ

Dietary Intakea,b,c

 Total Fruitd (servings/day)

1.68 (1.2)

1.71 (1.8)

0.04 (2.1)

1.86 (1.8)

1.48 (1.2)

-0.38 (1.9)

0.42

0.38

(-0.83, 2.11)

 Whole Fruit (servings/day)

1.15 (0.9)

1.33 (1.7)

0.18 (1.8)

1.39 (1.5)

1.12 (1.2)

-0.27 (1.7)

0.45

0.15

(-0.40, 2.42)

 Total Vegetable (servings/day)

1.69 (1.4)

2.05 (1.6)

0.36 (1.4)

1.70 (1.6)

1.60 (1.7)

-0.10 (2.8)

0.46

0.41

(-0.76, 1.84)

 Sugar-Sweetened Beverage (servings/day)

0.41 (0.6)

0.39 (0.7)

-0.02 (0.9)

0.55 (0.8)

0.48 (0.7)

-0.07 (0.8)

0.05

0.14

(-0.93, 0.14)

 Healthy Eating Index Total Score (0-100)

52.24 (10.5)

53.21 (11.6)

0.97 (16.1)

53.25 (11.4)

55.81 (9.4)

2.56 (14.6)

-1.59

0.86

(-9.37, 11.12)

Anthropometrics and Biometrics

 Body Mass Index z-scoree

0.68 (1.1)

0.52 (1.2)

-0.16 (0.6)

0.74 (1.3)

0.68 (1.4)

-0.06 (0.3)

-0.10

0.26

(-0.39, 0.11)

 Weight Statusf,g, n (%)

  Underweight

1 (1.1)

2 (2.3)

1 (1.1)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

17.2

0.04

(1.1, 262.2)

  Normal Weight

56 (64.4)

63 (72.4)

7 (8.0)

25 (64.1)

24 (61.5)

-1 (2.6)

  Overweight

17 (19.5)

10 (11.5)

-7 (8.0)

3 (7.7)

4 (10.3)

1 (2.6)

  Obese

13 (14.9)

12 (13.8)

-1 (1.1)

11 (28.2)

11 (28.2)

0 (0.0)

 Waist Circumference z-scoree

0.76 (0.9)

0.79 (0.9)

0.03 (0.6)

0.71 (1.3)

0.71 (1.2)

0.00 (1.2)

0.03

0.10

(-0.39, 0.06)

 Systolic Blood Pressure z-scoree

1.41 (1.3)

1.27 (1.4)

-0.14 (1.6)

1.55 (1.1)

1.71 (1.6)

0.16 (1.9)

-0.30

0.21

(-0.89, 0.20)

 Diastolic Blood Pressure z-scoree

1.31 (1.4)

1.09 (1.4)

-0.22 (1.9)

1.10 (1.3)

1.39 (1.8)

0.29 (2.1)

-0.51

0.88

(-0.91, 0.78)

Food Preparation Skill Abilityc,h, mean (SD)

22.03 (5.1)

26.89 (4.6)

4.86 (5.1)

23.21 (4.8)

22.85 (5.5)

-0.36 (4.2)

5.22

<0.001

(2.88, 6.58)

Family Meals (meals/week)i, mean (SD)

 Family dinner frequency

4.77 (2.1)

4.42 (2.1)

-0.35 (2.8)

5.17 (1.5)

4.02 (2.0)

-1.15 (2.4)

0.80

0.39

(-0.63, 1.59)

 Family breakfast frequency

2.66 (2.3)

2.75 (2.4)

0.09 (3.0)

2.73 (2.3)

2.80 (2.4)

0.07 (3.4)

0.16

0.98

(-1.25, 1.23)

 Family meal with TV

1.93 (1.9)

2.15 (2.2)

0.22 (2.4)

2.50 (2.2)

2.94 (2.5)

0.44 (2.2)

-0.22

0.04

(-2.06, -0.02)

 Family meals in a dining area

4.09 (2.4)

4.31 (2.2)

0.22 (2.4)

3.91 (2.6)

4.35 (2.5)

0.44 (2.2)

-0.12

0.82

(-1.31, 1.05)

  1. aDaily intake averaged across caregiver-assisted, nonconsecutive 24-hr dietary recalls collected using USDA five-step multiple-pass method
  2. bParticipant completion of 24-hr dietary recall at T0: 0 recalls (7%); 1 recall (68%); 2 recalls (12%); 3 recalls (13%). Participant completion of 24-hr dietary recall at T1: 0 recalls (39%); 1 recall (58%); 2 recalls (4%); 3 recalls (0%)
  3. cBy-group differences at T1 determined by generalized linear mixed modeling controlling for: cohort; household income; child race, sex, age; group assignment; participant id (family id); baseline value of outcome variable (Y (outcome variable)= outcome at T1)
  4. dTotal fruit= whole fruit + 100% fruit juice
  5. eBy-group differences at T1 determined by generalized linear mixed modeling controlling for: cohort; household income; child race; group assignment; participant id (family id); baseline value of outcome variable (Y (outcome variable)= outcome at T1)
  6. fMixed-effects ordinal regression model to test for differences in change in weight status category (1=obese (≥95th percentile), 2=overweight (≥85thpercentile), and 3=healthy weight (5th to <85th percentile)) between groups at T1; note: children in the underweight (<5th percentile) category (n=1 at T0 and n=2 at T1) were collapsed into the healthy weight group)
  7. gOdds ratio (OR) and corresponding OR confidence intervals presented
  8. hThe stem statement was: “When we prepare food at home, my child is able to…”. Questions were situated on a 4-point scale (1=Strongly Disagree (1pt); 4=Strongly Agree (4pt)). A sum score was calculated (1-32)
  9. iBy-group differences determined by generalized linear modeling controlling for: cohort; household income; caregiver race, sex, and age; oldest child race, sex, and age; baseline value; group assignment (Y (outcome variable)= outcome at T1)
  10. All p-values that are signicant (<0.05) are bolded.
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BMC Public Health

ISSN: 1471-2458

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