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Table 4 Maternal and infant variables of interest from cross-sectional survey and regression analysis

From: Feeding practices and risk factors for chronic infant undernutrition among refugees and migrants along the Thailand-Myanmar border: a mixed-methods study

Variables of interest

    

Univariable (p-value)

Adjusted OR, (95% CI); p-value

Stunting

(n = 70)

Normal

(n = 320)

Underweight

(n = 58)

Normal

(n = 332)

Stunting

Underweight

Stunting

Underweight

Maternala

 Age (yrs), mean (SD)

27.3 (6.8)

27.0 (6.3)

28.6 (7.3)

26.7 (6.2)

0.707

0.036

1.01, (0.97, 1.06);

0.602

1.06, (1.01, 1.10);

0.019

 Status, n (%)

  Refugee (Referent)

21 (12.7)

144 (87.3)

16 (9.7)

149 (90.3)

0.021

0.014

2.08, (1.12, 3.84);

0.020

2.26, (1.17, 4.36);

0.015

  Migrant

49 (21.8)

176 (78.2)

42 (18.7)

183 (81.3)

 Height (cm), mean (SD)b

148.0 (5.2)

151.6 (5.2)

149.1 (5.7)

151.3 (5.2)

< 0.001

0.003

0.50, (0.38, 0.66);

< 0.001

0.64, (0.48, 0.85);

0.002

  Malaria in pregnancy, n (%)

  Yes

12 (34.3)

23 (65.7)

10 (28.6)

25 (71.4)

0.008

0.017

1.88, (0.79, 4.45);

0.151

1.91, (0.80, 4.57);

0.145

  No (Referent)

58 (16.3)

297 (83.7)

48 (13.5)

307 (86.5)

 Literacy, n (%)

  Can read/write

41 (15.6)

222 (84.4)

33 (12.6)

230 (87.5)

0.081

0.063

0.98, (0.52, 1.85);

0.961

0.87, (0.47, 1.62);

0.668

  Cannot read/write (Referent)

29 (22.8)

98 (77.2)

25 (19.7)

102 (80.3)

 Smoker, n (%)

  Yes

11 (31.4)

24 (68.6)

7 (20.0)

28 (80.0)

0.029

0.371

1.80, (0.70, 4.62);

0.224

Not included

  No (Referent)

59 (16.6)

296 (83.4)

51 (14.4)

304 (85.6)

Infantc

 Length of gestation, n (%)

  Term (Referent)

60 (16.6)

302 (83.4)

53 (14.6)

309 (85.4)

0.011

0.587

3.05, (1.29, 7.22);

0.011

1.35, (0.47, 3.91)

0.580

   < 37 wks

10 (35.7)

18 (64.3)

5 (17.9)

23 (82.1)

 Sex, n (%)

  Male

41 (22.9)

138 (77.1)

34 (19.0)

145 (81.0)

0.019

0.035

1.87, (1.08, 3.23);

0.025

1.94, (1.07, 3.52);

0.029

  Female (Referent)

29 (13.7)

182 (86.3)

24 (11.4)

187 (88.6)

 Small-for-gestational age, n (%)

  Yes

26 (32.1)

55 (67.9)

25 (30.9)

56 (69.1)

< 0.001

< 0.001

3.42, (1.88, 6.22);

< 0.001

4.44, (2.36, 8.34);

< 0.001

  No (Referent)

44 (14.7)

256 (85.3)

33 (11.0)

267 (89.0)

 Age (months), mean (SD)

7.8 (3.5)

7.2 (3.4)

8.2 (3.6)

7.1 (3.4)

0.194

0.025

1.06, (0.98, 1.15);

0.121

1.12, (1.03, 1.22);

0.008

  1. For all variables included in univariable analysis, please refer to Additional file 2: Table S1
  2. A total of 4 multivariable regression models were created: 1 model tested “maternal risk factors” and infant feeding and WASH behavioral factors and 1 model tested “infant risk factors”, with both models tested for association with stunting and underweight
  3. aTotal number of observations included in multivariable regression for “maternal risk factors” for stunting (n = 389) and underweight (n = 381). Adjusted for maternal age
  4. bUnit of 5 cm used for multivariable regression
  5. cTotal number of observations included in multivariable regression for “infant risk factors” for stunting and underweight (n = 381). Adjusted for length of gestation, infant sex and infant age
  6. dA total of 9 data points missing (n = 381)
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