Table 2 Handwashing with soap and rubbing and frequency of having influenza-like illness among adults in Saudi Arabia
From: Do various personal hygiene habits protect us against influenza-like illness?
Habit | Frequency of influenza-like illness in the past 4 weeks n 2082 (%) | OR | 95% Conf. Interval | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1–3b | > 3b | |||
Duration of hand washing | ||||
  < 5 s | 144 (28.1) | 356 (22.7) | REF |  |
 5–10 s | 246 (47.3) | 822 (52.4) | 1.37 | 1.08–1.75a |
 10–20 s | 85 (16.6) | 265 (16.9) | 1.26 | 0.92–1.72 |
 20–30 s | 24 (4.7) | 77 (4.9) | 1.3 | 0.79–2.13 |
  > 30 s | 17 (3.3) | 50 (3.2) | 1.19 | 0.66–2.13 |
Hand washing before eating | ||||
 Never | 270 (52.7) | 965 (61.5) | REF |  |
 Rarely | 195 (38.1) | 530 (33.8) | 0.28 | 0.23–0.34a |
 Sometimes | 37 (7.2) | 65 (4.1) | 0.49 | 0.32–0.75a |
 Always | 10 (2.0) | 10 (0.6) | 0.28 | 0.12–0.68a |
Hand washing after using the bathroom | ||||
 Never | 386 (75.4) | 1354 (86.2) | REF |  |
 Rarely | 101 (19.7) | 184 (11.7) | 0.52 | 0.4–0.68a |
 Sometimes | 16 (3.1) | 22 (1.4) | 0.39 | 0.2–0.75a |
 Always | 9 (1.8) | 10 (0.6) | 0.31 | 0.13–0.78a |
Hand washing after coming back home | ||||
 Never | 131 (25.6) | 481 (30.6) | REF |  |
 Rarely | 165 (32.2) | 489 (31.1) | 0.81 | 0.62–1.05 |
 Sometimes | 86 (16.8) | 266 (16.9) | 0.84 | 0.62–1.15 |
 Always | 130 (25.4) | 334 (21.3) | 0.70 | 0.53–0.93a |
Hand washing after handshaking | ||||
 Never | 11 (2.1) | 51 (3.2) | REF |  |
 Rarely | 100 (19.5) | 383 (24.4) | 0.8 | 0.4–1.6 |
 Sometimes | 160 (31.3) | 388 (24.7) | 0.5 | 0.26–1.03 |
 Always | 241 (47.1) | 748 (47.6) | 0.32 | 0.16–0.61a |
Hand washing before handshaking | ||||
 Never | 146 (28.5) | 554 (35.3) | REF |  |
 Rarely | 135 (26.4) | 399 (25.4) | 0.77 | 0.6–1.01 |
 Sometimes | 101 (19.7) | 238 (15.2) | 0.62 | 0.46–0.83a |
 Always | 130 (25.4) | 379 (24.1) | 0.76 | 0.59–1.00 |