Smoking beliefs across genders, a comparative analysis of seven European countries

BMC Public Health

Table 3 Percentage of agreement with each smoking belief, according to gender and country of data collection, analysis of variance (ANOVA, p value). Silne R, 2016/17, N = 12,979

	BOYS								GIRLS								ALL	ANOVA gender (F)	Chisq for country
	Bel₁	Ire	Fin	Ger	Ita	NL	Po	ALL	Bel	Ire	Fin	Ger	Ita	NL	Po	ALL
Positive individual beliefs
Feeling relaxed	49	49	28	37	47	50	43	44	49	44	25	36	56	50	39	43	44	0.1	60.6*
Losing weight	22	30	10	15	13	12	22	18	20	33	10	22	16	15	27	21	20	10.7*	67.6*
Positive social beliefs
Looking cool	13	18	7	7	19	14	13	13	11	15	7	8	18	14	10	12	13	1.3	31.1*
Looking grown-up	10	33	11	18	20	19	12	18	11	31	9	19	25	18	11	18	18	0.5	89.7*
Looking masculine	8	17	8	12	13	14	9	12	6	15	6	10	7	9	5	8	10	33.5*	25.5*
Looking feminine	2	7	5	4	6	4	3	5	5	3	2	3	8	3	3	4	4	2.9	9.8*
Getting a boy/girlfriend	4	10	6	4	11	6	5	7	3	6	4	4	5	5	4	4	6	29.8*	10.2*
Becoming popular	7	21	11	7	12	15	13	12	9	13	11	10	12	13	14	12	12	1.4	17.4*
Appearing sexy	4	9	3	3	13	5	7	7	4	10	4	3	14	7	6	7	7	2.3	39.7*
Negative individual beliefs
Getting facial wrinkles	47	84	82	79	63	70	66	70	56	92	90	81	71	77	77	78	74	93.1*	165.5*
Having less ability to exercise	90	90	88	87	74	82	85	85	90	93	94	83	76	81	86	86	86	1.7	53.7*
Getting lung cancer	94	97	95	94	92	92	95	94	95	98	98	96	93	93	97	96	95	18.3*	14.8*
Having trouble breathing	92	93	91	95	88	91	91	91	93	97	96	95	92	92	95	94	93	37.8*	7.7*
Negative social beliefs
Getting into trouble	69	85	89	90	75	66	62	76	69	91	93	89	79	71	68	80	78	27.8*	136.9*
Most people reluctant to date	49	65	75	64	49	67	31	57	52	66	77	61	41	64	28	55	56	4.6*	191.7*
Parents’ disapproval	95	98	98	82	95	96	95	95	96	99	98	81	95	97	98	95	95	4.6*	116.6*
Most people would not hire a smoker to babysit	71	82	88	87	78	81	64	79	72	87	88	88	73	82	63	78	78	0	91.4*
Best friends’ disapproval	57	63	50	52	37	46	59	53	69	79	67	58	49	68	73	67	60	265.1*	64.6*
Teachers’ disapproval	38	90	86	68	62	56	60	66	41	96	76	63	61	61	64	67	66	0.8	288.1*

We controlled for multiple testing using the DUNCAN (alpha = 0.05) option of the ANOVA procedure
₁Bel Belgium, Ire Ireland, Fin Finland, Ger Germany, Ita Italy, NL The Netherlands, PO Portugal, All All countries
* = p < 0.05

ISSN: 1471-2458