Table 3 Frequencies of dataset characteristics by citizen science model
From: Enhancing community preparedness: an inventory and analysis of disaster citizen science activities
Overall | Distributed sensing | Contributory | Distributed intelligence | Collaborative research | Collegial research | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
209 | 19 | (9%) | 98 | (47%) | 52 | (25%) | 32 | (15%) | 8 | (4%) | ||
Disaster | ||||||||||||
Earthquake | 61 | (29%) | 18 | (95%) | 31 | (23%) | 10 | (17%) | 1 | (3%) | 1 | (10%) |
Flood | 52 | (25%) | 36 | (26%) | 11 | (19%) | 4 | (12%) | 1 | (10%) | ||
Hurricane, typhoon, cyclone | 36 | (17%) | 12 | (9%) | 16 | (28%) | 6 | (18%) | 2 | (20%) | ||
Harmful algal blooms/cyanobacteria | 18 | (9%) | 10 | (7%) | 5 | (9%) | 3 | (9%) | ||||
Severe/extreme weather | 15 | (7%) | 12 | (9%) | 2 | (3%) | 1 | (10%) | ||||
Climate change or sea level rise | 15 | (7%) | 1 | (5%) | 12 | (9%) | 2 | (3%) | ||||
Chemical contamination events | 14 | (7%) | 2 | (1%) | 10 | (30%) | 2 | (20%) | ||||
Disease outbreak | 11 | (5%) | 4 | (3%) | 5 | (9%) | 2 | (6%) | ||||
Nuclear radiation | 8 | (4%) | 2 | (1%) | 1 | (2%) | 5 | (15%) | ||||
Drought | 6 | (3%) | 4 | (3%) | 2 | (3%) | ||||||
Mud/landslides | 4 | (2%) | 4 | (3%) | ||||||||
Tornado | 4 | (2%) | 3 | (2%) | 1 | (10%) | ||||||
Volcanic activity | 4 | (2%) | 2 | (1%) | 2 | (3%) | ||||||
Wildfire | 3 | (1%) | 2 | (1%) | 1 | (10%) | ||||||
Tsunami | 2 | (1%) | 1 | (2%) | 1 | (3%) | ||||||
Lead entity | ||||||||||||
Academic/research | 94 | (45%) | 18 | (95%) | 49 | (39%) | 10 | (18%) | 15 | (33%) | 2 | (18%) |
Government | 55 | (26%) | 1 | (5%) | 46 | (37%) | 6 | (11%) | 3 | (7%) | ||
Technology | 51 | (24%) | 16 | (13%) | 34 | (62%) | 1 | (2%) | ||||
Advocacy | 23 | (11%) | 6 | (5%) | 1 | (2%) | 12 | (26%) | 4 | (36%) | ||
Collaboration | 13 | (6%) | 5 | (4%) | 2 | (4%) | 6 | (13%) | ||||
Community-based services | 6 | (3%) | 1 | (1%) | 4 | (9%) | 1 | (9%) | ||||
Individuals/loose affiliation | 5 | (2%) | 1 | (1%) | 2 | (4%) | 2 | (18%) | ||||
Volunteer services | 3 | (1%) | 1 | (1%) | 1 | (2%) | 1 | (9%) | ||||
Education | 3 | (1%) | 1 | (1%) | 1 | (2%) | 1 | (9%) | ||||
Disaster phase | ||||||||||||
Preparedness | 135 | (65%) | 17 | (50%) | 81 | (58%) | 17 | (27%) | 16 | (37%) | 4 | (33%) |
Response | 52 | (25%) | 2 | (6%) | 10 | (7%) | 34 | (54%) | 3 | (7%) | 3 | (25%) |
Recovery | 105 | (50%) | 15 | (44%) | 49 | (35%) | 12 | (19%) | 24 | (56%) | 5 | (42%) |
Location | ||||||||||||
Global | 13 | (6%) | 5 | (26%) | 5 | (5%) | 2 | (4%) | 1 | (3%) | ||
United States | 84 | (40%) | 5 | (26%) | 44 | (45%) | 10 | (19%) | 21 | (66%) | 4 | (50%) |
Northeast | 20 | (24%) | 13 | (28%) | 2 | (15%) | 5 | (22%) | ||||
Southeast | 27 | (32%) | 9 | (19%) | 2 | (15%) | 13 | (57%) | 3 | (75%) | ||
Midwest | 6 | (7%) | 2 | (40%) | 2 | (4%) | 2 | (9%) | ||||
Southwest | 8 | (10%) | 5 | (11%) | 2 | (15%) | 1 | (4%) | ||||
West | 18 | (21%) | 2 | (40%) | 10 | (21%) | 3 | (23%) | 2 | (9%) | 1 | (25%) |
National | 13 | (15%) | 1 | (20%) | 8 | (17%) | 4 | (31%) | ||||
International | 112 | (54%) | 9 | (47%) | 49 | (50%) | 40 | (77%) | 10 | (31%) | 4 | (50%) |
North America | 11 | (10%) | 1 | (11%) | 2 | (4%) | 6 | (15%) | 1 | (9%) | 1 | (25%) |
South America | 6 | (5%) | 1 | (2%) | 5 | (13%) | ||||||
Europe | 54 | (48%) | 6 | (67%) | 37 | (76%) | 7 | (18%) | 2 | (18%) | 2 | (50%) |
Asia | 23 | (21%) | 4 | (8%) | 15 | (38%) | 4 | (36%) | ||||
Africa | 7 | (6%) | 2 | (4%) | 4 | (10%) | 1 | (9%) | ||||
Australia | 10 | (9%) | 2 | (22%) | 3 | (6%) | 1 | (3%) | 3 | (27%) | 1 | (25%) |
Oceania | 2 | (2%) | 2 | (5%) | ||||||||
Technology | ||||||||||||
Internet-connected device | 159 | (76%) | 17 | (47%) | 81 | (36%) | 46 | (32%) | 7 | (15%) | 8 | (32%) |
Camera/video | 59 | (28%) | 40 | (18%) | 7 | (5%) | 7 | (15%) | 5 | (20%) | ||
Crowdsourcing reporting application | 54 | (26%) | 2 | (6%) | 39 | (17%) | 6 | (4%) | 3 | (6%) | 5 | (20%) |
Sampling equipment/monitors/sensors | 49 | (23%) | 17 | (47%) | 13 | (6%) | 6 | (4%) | 12 | (25%) | 1 | (4%) |
Online form/survey | 44 | (21%) | 38 | (17%) | 1 | (1%) | 3 | (6%) | 2 | (8%) | ||
Crowdsourcing analytical application | 43 | (21%) | 1 | (0.4%) | 40 | (28%) | 1 | (2%) | 1 | (4%) | ||
Mapping platforms/technologies | 38 | (18%) | 2 | (1%) | 32 | (23%) | 3 | (6%) | 1 | (4%) | ||
Communication device | 11 | (5%) | 6 | (3%) | 1 | (1%) | 3 | (6%) | 1 | (4%) | ||
Do-it-yourself sampling equipment | 6 | (3%) | 4 | (2%) | 1 | (1%) | 1 | (4%) | ||||
Lab equipment | 2 | (1%) | 2 | (1%) | ||||||||
None | 8 | (4%) | 1 | (0.4%) | 7 | (15%) | ||||||