Table 2 Logistic multilevel analysis with dependent variable presence (1) or absence (0) of a citizen’s initiative; full model for total dataset and stratified by level of urbanization; B coefficient (standard error)

Constant

−2.24 (.591)

−4.67 (.654)

−3.16 (.387)

−2.73 (.600)

 level of urbanization: semi-urban and intermediate (ref = urban)

−1.25 (.504)^*

–

–

–

 level of urbanization: semi-rural and rural (ref = urban)

−.56 (.583)

–

–

–

 Population / 10,000

.94 (.267)^*

2.16 (.593)^*

1.24 (.470)^*

.29 (.519)

 Socio-economic status

.23 (.119)^*

.86 (.228)^*

−.12 (.205)

.06 (.271)

 Percentage of 75+

.02 (.036)

−.00 (.092)

.01 (.060)

.05 (.075)

 Current distance GP

.17 (.139)

−3.48 (1.691)^*

−.01 (.355)

.14 (.169)

 Current distance pharmacy

.066 (.108)

−3.47 (1.845)

−.02 (.240)

.04 (.137)

 Current distance hospital

.04 (.028)

.15 (.157)

−.02 (.070)

.07 (.037)

 Current distance grocery store

−.27 (.173)

1.62 (1.588)

.19 (.377)

−.34 (.217)

 Current distance elementary school

.07 (.299)

−.76 (1.867)

.40 (.695)

.07 (.375)

 Current distance high school

.17 (.047)^*

.09 (.459)

.19 (.130)

.17 (.060)^*

 Current distance library

.02 (.070)

−.11 (.380)

.27 (.155)

−.01 (.094)

 Distance to GP increased (ref = no increase)

.17 (.396)

b

.05 (.836)

.83 (.522)

 Distance to pharmacy increased (ref = no increase)

.38 (.346)

4.26 (1.706)^*

.58 (.622)

.45 (.472)

 Distance to hospital increased (ref = no increase)

−.19 (.213)

.58 (.438)

−.58 (.414)

−.56 (.374)

 Distance to grocery store increased (ref = no increase)

.84 (.480)

b

.22 (1.034)

1.09 (.630)

 Distance to elementary school increased (ref = no increase)

−.60 (.634)

b

b

−.19 (.759)

 Distance to high school increased (ref = no increase)

−.50 (.260)

−.013 (.602)

−.58 (.594)

−.57 (.378)

 Distance to library increased (ref = no increase)

−.16 (.257)

.65 (.550)

−.38 (.482)

−.56 (.456)

 Percentage of migrants

.01 (.012)

.06 (.021) ^*

−.02 (.027)

.01 (.028)

 Social capital

1.59 (.995)

−.64 (1.913)

1.89 (1.806)

4.69 (1.897)^*

 Percentage 65–75

.012 (.052)

.33 (.159) ^*

.05 (.084)

−.07 (.089)

 Residential turnover

.003 (.006)

−.02 (.010)

.02 (.011)

−.02 (.011)

 Percentage high education

.02 (.020)

.15 (.045) ^*

.08 (.037)^*

−.02 (.034)

 Percentage Catholic

.02 (.008)^*

−.03 (.053)

.03 (.013)^*

.02 (.011)^*

 Distance to other initiatives

−.19 (.097)^*

.66 (.348)

−.10 (.154)

−.18 (.144)

 N postal code areas

2387

345

1054

946

 N municipalities

377

15

143

219

 N provinces

12

–

12

12

 Pseudo R-squared (incl. Random effects

0.42

0.63

0.31

0.58

 Pseudo R-squared (fixed effects)

0.24

0.63

0.26

0.29