Table 4 Analyses for repeated high diastolic blood pressure according to maternal and child characteristics
From: Repeated high blood pressure at 6 and 11 years at the Pelotas 2004 birth cohort study
Characteristics | Repeated High Diastolic Blood Pressure | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Crude OR | (95% CI) | P* | Adjusted OR | (95% CI) | P* | |
Sex | 0.017 | 0.047 | ||||
Male | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Female | 1.76 | (1.10–2.84) | 1.67 | (1.01–2.76) | ||
Skin color | 0.249 | 0.182 | ||||
White | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Non-white | 1.33 | (0.83–2.13) | 1.43 | (0.84–2.43) | ||
Gestational diabetes | 0.723 | 0.928 | ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.24 | (0.39–4.02) | 1.06 | (0.31–3.57) | ||
Hypertension in pregnancy | 0.387 | 0.520 | ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 1.26 | (0.75–2.10) | 1.22 | (0.67–2.22) | ||
Maternal age at childbirth | 0.078 | 0.114 | ||||
≤ 20 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
21–25 | 1.89 | (0.88–4.06) | 2.42 | (1.04–5.66) | ||
26–30 | 2.59 | (1.22–5.47) | 2.76 | (1.18–6.48) | ||
> 30 | 1.83 | (0.85–3.90) | 1.98 | (0.83–4.70) | ||
Family history hypertension | 0.040 | 0.018 | ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
From mother | 0.76 | (0.32–1.80) | 0.69 | (0.29–1.65) | ||
From father | 1.15 | (0.54–2.46) | 1.12 | (0.52–2.41) | ||
From both | 4.28 | (1.76–10.39) | 3.95 | (1.59–9.85) | ||
Household income (quintiles) | 0.051 | 0.062 | ||||
1 (poorest) | 1.30 | (0.68–2.47) | 1.37 | (0.67–2.83) | ||
2 | 0.60 | (0.28–1.28) | 0.60 | (0.25–1.40) | ||
3 | 0.44 | (0.19–1.03) | 0.41 | (0.17–1.02) | ||
4 | 0.82 | (0.41–1.64) | 0.79 | (0.39–1.61) | ||
5 (wealthiest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Smoking during pregnancy | 0.103 | 0.089 | ||||
No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Yes | 0.63 | (0.35–1.13) | 0.56 | (0.28–1.09) | ||
Birth weight | 0.070 | 0.836 | ||||
≥ 2500 g | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
< 2500 g | 1.91 | (1.00–3.67) | 1.11 | (0.40–3.09) | ||
Weight-for-gestational age | 0.753 | 0.783 | ||||
Small | 0.88 | (0.42–1.86) | 0.90 | (0.36–2.24) | ||
Adequate | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Large | 1.30 | (0.59–2.89) | 1.32 | (0.57–3.02) | ||
Gestational age (weeks) | 0.025 | 0.020 | ||||
< 34 | 4.15 | (1.73–9.95) | 4.08 | (1.52–10.96) | ||
34–36 | 1.19 | (0.58–2.42) | 1.00 | (0.45–2.23) | ||
≥ 37 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Physical activity at 11 years of age | 0.790 | 0.695 | ||||
Active | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | |||
Inactive | 1.07 | (0.64–1.80) | 1.12 | (0.63–1.99) | ||
Sodium intake (mg) (quintiles) | 0.764 | 0.523 | ||||
1 (lowest) | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
2 | 1.42 | (0.70–2.91) | 1.68 | (0.79–3.56) | ||
3 | 1.20 | (0.57–2.52) | 1.07 | (0.48–2.39) | ||
4 | 0.91 | (0.41–2.00) | 0.92 | (0.39–2.20) | ||
5 (highest) | 1.05 | (0.49–2.26) | 1.15 | (0.50–2.68) | ||
Weekly consumption of package chips | 0.779 | 0.454 | ||||
None | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Up to 1 package | 0.89 | (0.39–2.02) | 0.77 | (0.33–1.82) | ||
2 packages | 1.19 | (0.50–2.83) | 1.22 | (0.49–3.05) | ||
≥ 3 packages | 1.05 | (0.41–2.65) | 1.27 | (0.44–3.67) | ||
BMI-for-age (11 years old – z score) | 0.978 | 0.946 | ||||
Normal | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | – | ||
Overweight | 0.95 | (0.53–1.69) | 1.02 | (0.55–1.88) | ||
Obesity | 0.96 | (0.54–1.72) | 0.91 | (0.47–1.75) | ||