Table 2 Baseline attributes of the participants according to MCI status at 18 months [presented as the mean (sd) or n (%)]
Parameters | N = 1227 | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
MCI (n = 179) | Without MCI (n = 986) | ||
Age, mean (sd): | 69.2 (5.9) | 68.1 (5.8) | 0.026* |
Sex | |||
 Men | 101 (17.6) | 473 (82.4) | 0.042* |
 Women | 78 (13.2) | 513 (86.8) |  |
Ethnic | |||
 Malay | 111 (14.5) | 655 (85.5) | 0.266 |
 Non-Malay | 68 (17.0) | 331 (83.0) |  |
Education (years) | |||
  ≤ 6 years | 146 (16.9) | 716 (83.1) | 0.012* |
  > 6 years | 33 (10.9) | 270 (89.1) |  |
Smoking | |||
 Smoker | 58 (16.2) | 299 (83.8) | 0.597 |
 Non-smoker | 121 (15.0) | 687 (85.0) |  |
Living alone | 22 (18.0) | 100 (82.0) | 0.425 |
Body Mass Index | |||
  < 22 kg/m2 | 35 (14.1) | 214 (85.9) | 0.817 |
 22–27 kg/m2 | 96 (15.8) | 513 (84.2) |  |
  > 27 kg/m2 | 47 (15.5) | 257 (84.5) |  |
% Body Fat, mean (sd) | 39.6 (9.8) | 39.1 (10.3) | 0.580 |
Blood Pressure | |||
 Diastolic (mmHg), mean (sd) | 77.2 (13.0) | 77.5 (13.5) | 0.769 |
 Systolic (mmHg), mean (sd) | 142.3 (24.2) | 140.1 (22.3) | 0.246 |
Calf Circumference (cm), mean (sd) | 33.3 (3.5) | 33.5 (3.9) | 0.559 |
Waist Circumference (cm), mean (sd) | 88.5 (10.8) | 88.0 (11.5) | 0.550 |
MUAC (cm), mean (sd) | 28.6 (3.0) | 28.6 (3.6) | 0.881 |
TUG (seconds), mean (sd) | 11.3 (2.7) | 11.3 (3.7) | 0.953 |
Grip Strength (kg), mean (sd) | 22.4 (7.7) | 22.5 (7.4) | 0.880 |
GDS, mean (sd) | 2.5 (2.3) | 2.3 (2.0) | 0.256 |
Health Conditions | |||
 Diabetes | 45 (15.5) | 246 (84.5) | 1.000 |
 Hypertension | 91 (16.1) | 473 (83.9) | 0.516 |
 Heart Disease | 22 (18.6) | 96 (81.4) | 0.284 |
 Lung Disease | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | 0.635 |
 Stroke | 3 (14.3) | 18 (85.7) | 1.000 |
Neurocognitive | |||
 M-MMSE, mean (sd) | 23.0 (4.2) | 23.5 (4.7) | 0.173 |
 Span Digit, mean (sd) | 7.5 (2.4) | 7.7 (2.4) | 0.326 |
 RAVLT BL, mean (sd) | 36.1 (8.4) | 40.2 (10.3) | < 0.001* |
 RAVLT DR, mean (sd) | 37.3 (8.3) | 41.1 (9.8) | < 0.001* |
Lifestyle | |||
 Physical activity, mean (sd) | 9.4 (4.1) | 10.0 (4.3) | 0.068 |
 Social activity, mean (sd) | 15.0 (5.1) | 15.7 (5.6) | 0.143 |
 Mental activity, mean (sd) | 12.4 (4.2) | 13.6 (4.7) | 0.002* |