Table 4 Multilevel Models: Incidence Rate Ratios of Mass Shootings in U.S. Counties
From: Income inequality and mass shootings in the United States
MSA: Three or More Injuries | MSA: Four or More Deaths | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
MS2000–2009 = ∆ Covariates1990–2000 | MS2010–2015 = ∆ Covariates2000–2010 | MS2000–2009 = ∆ Covariates1990–2000 | MS2010–2015 = ∆ Covariates2000–2010 | |
Adj. IRR (95% CI) | Adj. IRR (95% CI) | Adj. IRR (95% CI) | Adj. IRR (95% CI) | |
Level 1 = County-Level | ||||
Income inequality | 1.47 (1.06, 2.02) | 1.50 (1.14, 1.97) | 1.54 (1.12, 2.11) | 1.63 (1.15, 2.33) |
Poverty rate | 0.76 (0.39, 1.47) | 2.46 (1.50, 4.03) | 0.59 (0.39, 0.90) | 2.50 (1.06, 5.91) |
Unemployment rate | 0.83 (0.57, 1.22) | 1.24 (0.90, 1.69) | 0.96 (0.58, 1.59) | 0.94 (0.49, 1.78) |
Population density | 0.26 (0.03, 2.05) | 0.00 (0.00, 0.16) | 0.16 (0.01, 1.71) | 0.04 (0.00, 3.50) |
Young population | 0.74 (0.48, 1.13) | 2.98 (1.65, 5.39) | 0.83 (0.51, 1.34) | 2.54 (1.36, 4.75) |
Minority population | 0.87 (0.07, 9.85) | 6.58 (2.08, 20.80) | 8.61 (1.07, 69.35) | 10.43 (2.81, 38.67) |
HS graduation rate | 0.19 (0.06, 0.59) | 0.99 (0.85, 1.16) | 0.19 (0.03, 0.96) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) |
Level 2 = State-Level | ||||
Right to carry laws | 4e−32 (3e−65, 50.74) | 1.05 (0.39, 2.86) | 1e−36 (9e−40, 3e−33) | 0.40 (0.00, 48.93) |
Assault rifle ban | 1e−29 (3e− 32, 3e−27) | 0.84 (0.19, 3.64) | 0.16 (0.00, 1972.26) | 2.27 (0.95, 5.37) |
Wald Chi-Square | 20.17 | 86.93 | 22.48 | 63.22 |
County-Decades (N) | 3134 | 3139 | 3134 | 3139 |