Sociodemographic characteristics
|
|
Age, marital status, cultural background, first language, education, income and housing. Income was defined as pre-tax annual income from all sources of employment including unreported income and excluding any money received from family, friends or income assistance [28].
|
Descriptives.
|
Psychological resources
|
Self-efficacy
|
General Self-Efficacy Scale [29]. Likert scale 10 items, e.g., “I am certain that I can accomplish my goals.”
|
Higher scores represent higher levels of self-efficacy.
|
Mastery
|
Pearlin Mastery Scale [30]. Likert scale 7 items, e.g., “I have little control over the things that happened to me.”
|
Higher scores represent higher levels of mastery.
|
Cognitive ability
|
|
Shipley-II [31]. Vocabulary Subscale 40 items assesses acquired knowledge. Abstraction Subscale 25 items assesses abstract reasoning.
|
Higher total raw scores indicate better performance.
|
Executive functioning
|
Inhibition of interference
|
Stroop Colour and Word Test [32]. Cognitive assessment of ability to inhibit interference in the reaction time of a task.
|
Higher raw scores represent better cognitive performance.
|
Visual attention and task switching
|
Trail Making Test [33, 34]. Participants were timed while first sequentially connecting numbered circles (1–2, 2–3, etc.; TMT-A), then lettered and numbered circles (1-A, A-2, 2-B, etc.; TMT-B).
|
Shorter times represent better scores. A ratio of TMT-B / TMT-A represents executive control [35].
|
Socioeconomic disadvantage
|
Having low income
|
Pre-tax annual income from all sources of employment including unreported income and excluding any money received from family, friends or income assistance.
|
Living on low income at <$20,000 annual employment income.
|
Having limited education
|
Not completing the equivalent of a BC high school diploma.
|
Dichotomous (yes/no) variable.
|
Being single (having limited social supports)
|
Not married or common-law (living together consecutively for one year or more).
|
Dichotomous (yes/no) variable.
|
Homelessness
|
Living on the streets or in an emergency or homeless shelter, staying in places not meant as residences, (e.g., car or tent), and/or experiencing “hidden homelessness”, (e.g., staying with someone because of no permanent address or having nowhere else to live or “couch-surfing”) [35, 36].
|
Dichotomous (yes/no) variable.
|
Unstable housing
|
Having to move three or more times or experiencing homelessness (past year).
|
Dichotomous (yes/no) variable.
|
History of child maltreatment
|
Child maltreatment age 16 years or younger
|
Childhood Trauma Questionnaire – Short Form [37]. Likert scale 28 items, e.g., “When I was growing up, I didn’t have enough to eat.”
|
Moderate-to-severe levels of any type of abuse or neglect.
|
Exposure to intimate partner violence
|
Including physical abuse, emotional abuse and harassment
|
Composite Abuse Scale [38]. Likert scale 30 items, e.g., “My partner told me that I wasn’t good enough.” Partner was defined as husband/wife, partner or boy/girlfriend for longer than one month.
|
Higher scores indicate higher levels of abuse.
|
Mental and physical health
|
Psychological distress
|
Kessler Psychological Distress Scale [39]. Likert scale 10 items, e.g., “About how often did you feel hopeless?”
|
Total scores of > 25 represent moderate-to-severe anxiety or depression.
|
Mental and physical health conditions
|
Any long-term health conditions diagnosed by a physician affecting day-to-day activities [40, 41].
|
Number and type of diagnosed conditions.
|
Prenatal substance use
|
Nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and other street drugs
|
Frequency of use [42].
|
Dichotomous (yes/no) variables.
|
Receipt of health and social services
|
Health services received for physical concerns
|
Visiting primary healthcare providers (family doctors, nurse, and midwives) and receiving prenatal classes.
|
Number and type of services.
|
Social services received
|
Income assistance through provincial or federal programs such as: BC Income and Disability Assistance, Canada Disability Benefits and Employment Insurance, BC Hardship Assistance, and BC Youth Agreements.
|
Number and type of services.
|