Relationships between area-level socioeconomic status and urbanization with active transportation, independent mobility, outdoor time, and physical activity among Canadian children

Table 2 Relationship between area-level SES and type of urbanization with number of active trips per week

Independent variables	Dependent variable: active trips per week
	Girls			Boys
	IRR	95% CI	p	IRR	95% CI	p
Fixed Effects
(Intercept)	12.28	9.13–16.53	< 0.001	9.25	6.86–12.46	< 0.001
School SES: low (ref: high)	1.09	0.86–1.38	0.473	0.94	0.75–1.18	0.614
Site: Vancouver (ref: Ottawa)	1.05	0.78–1.41	0.741	1.34	0.99–1.80	0.055
Site: Trois-Rivières	1.10	0.81–1.49	0.530	1.30	0.96–1.76	0.087
Type of urbanization: suburban (ref: urban)	0.89	0.67–1.19	0.447	1.16	0.87–1.55	0.303
Type of urbanization: rural	0.83	0.62–1.11	0.209	1.14	0.85–1.52	0.390
Parental education: high school or less (ref: University)	0.88	0.82–0.94	< 0.001	1.05	0.97–1.13	0.224
Parental education: college	0.98	0.93–1.03	0.448	1.11	1.06–1.18	< 0.001
Age in years (centered)	1.05	1.03–1.08	< 0.001	1.01	0.98–1.03	0.490
Car ownership: ≥ 2 cars (ref: ≤ 1 car)	0.80	0.77–0.84	< 0.001	0.80	0.76–0.84	< 0.001
Home ownership: yes (ref: no)	1.01	0.96–1.06	0.620	1.03	0.98–1.09	0.248
Random Effects
τ_{00, School_ID}	0.135			0.136
N_{School_ID}	37			37
ICC_{School_ID}	0.119			0.120
Observations	935			764
Tjur’s D	1.093			1.239
AIC	7674.815			6483.770
-2 Log-Likelihood	7650.815			6459.770
Deviance	7485.331			6299.711

IRR Incidence rate ratio, CI Confidence interval, p P-value, SES Socioeconomic status; τ₀₀ variance within the dependent variable between schools, N Number of schools, ICC Intraclass correlation coefficient, AIC Akaike information criterion

ISSN: 1471-2458