Table 1 Information of Selected Studies
Author | Study location | National study | Effective date of a law | Study period | Target people | Comprehensiveness of a law | Previous ban in place | Size of Population at risk | AMI deaths cases | RR value | 95% Confidence interval | AMI definition | Source of data | Measure /Statistical Method | Control variable |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | |||||||||||||||
Joan R VillalbÃ2011 | Spain | Yes | January 1, 2006 | January 12,004- December 31,2006 | Ages ≥35 years | Workplaces (with exemptions for bars, cafes, restaurants, night clubs and discos) | Yes | – | 68,862 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.92 | ICD-10: CM 055 | the National Statistics Institute (INE in its Spanish acronym) | Poisson regression | Age, gender |
Ages ≥35 years, male | – | 40,080 | 0.90 | 0.88–0.93 | |||||||||||
Ages ≥35 years, female | – | 28,782 | 0.90 | 0.87–0.92 | |||||||||||
January 1, 2004- December 31,2007 | Ages ≥35 years | – | 90,382 | 0.86 | 0.84–0.88 | ||||||||||
Ages ≥35 years, male | – | 52,583 | 0.86 | 0.83–0.88 | |||||||||||
Ages ≥35 years, female | – | 37,799 | 0.86 | 0.84–0.89 | |||||||||||
FernandoAguero2013 | Girona, Spain. | No | January 1, 2006 | January 1, 2002-December 31, 2008 | Ages 35–74 years | All indoor public places and workplaces but allowed some exceptions in hospitality venues | Yes | – | 891 | 0.82 | 0.71–0.94 | ICD-9: 410–414, 798; ICD-10:I20–I25, I513, R960, R961, R98, R99 | The REGICOR Study, conducted in six counties of the Girona province in the north east of Spain | Poisson regression model | Age, sex, smoking status, existing trend, and seasonality |
Ages 35–74 years, female | – | 200 | 0.72 | 0.52–0.97 | |||||||||||
Ages 35–74 years, male | – | 691 | 0.85 | 0.72–0.99 | |||||||||||
Ages 35–64 years | – | 359 | 0.94 | 0.76–1.17 | |||||||||||
Ages 65–74 years | – | 532 | 0.74 | 0.62–0.89 | |||||||||||
Sericea Stallings-Smith 2013 | Ireland | Yes | March 29, 2004 | January 1, 2000-December 31,2007 | Ages ≥35 years | Workplaces including restaurants, bars, and pubs | Yes | 1,900,000 | – | 0.97 | 0.92–1.02 | ICD-9:410; ICD-10:I21 | Central Statistics Office (CSO) Ireland. | Poisson linear regression model with interrupted time-series analysis | Time trend, season, influenza, and smoking prevalence |
Ages ≥35 years, male | – | 0.97 | 0.91–1.02 | ||||||||||||
Ages ≥35 years, female | – | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 | ||||||||||||
Ages 35–64 years | – | 0.97 | 0.86–1.07 | ||||||||||||
Ages 65–84 years | – | 0.94 | 0.89–1.00 | ||||||||||||
Ages> 85 years | – | 1.01 | 0.94–1.09 | ||||||||||||
United States | |||||||||||||||
Kanaka D. Shetty2011 | United States | Yes | 1995 | 1990–2004 | All | All workplaces except bars and restaurants | Yes | – | 2,018,548 | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | ICD-9:410; ICD-10:I21 | Multiple Cause of Death (MCD) database | Region-level fixed effects multivariate linear regression model | Secular trends and regions |
Melanie S. Dove 2010 | Massachusetts, US | No | July 2004 | January 11,999- -December 31, 2006 | Ages ≥35 years | All workplaces, including restaurants and bars | No | 2,507,320 | 20,806 | 0.90 | 0.86–0.95 | ICD-10:I21 | Massachusetts Registry of Vital Records and Statistics | Poisson regression model adjusted for a linear time term | Long-term trend, season, particulate matter less than 2.5 lm aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5),10–12 and influenza |
Ages > 35 years | Yes | 835,597 | 6176 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.11 | ||||||||||
Ages > 35 years | – | 3,342,917 | 26,982 | 0.93 | 0.89–0.97 | ||||||||||
Ages > 35 years, male | 1,548,463 | 13,595 | 0.95 | 0.89–1.01 | |||||||||||
Ages > 35 years, female | 1,794,454 | 13,387 | 0.90 | 0.85–0.96 | |||||||||||
Ages 35–64 years | 2,482,755 | 4162 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.04 | |||||||||||
Ages 65–75 years | 427,830 | 4657 | 0.99 | 0.89–1.11 | |||||||||||
Ages> 75 years | 432,332 | 18,163 | 0.91 | 0.86–0.96 | |||||||||||
McAlister 2010①| Jefferson County, Texas, USA | No | Autumn of 2000 | 1996–2005 | All | Unclear | – | 250,000 | – | 0.84 | 0.77–0.91 | ICD-10:I21 | Texas Department of State Health Services | Bivariate piecewise linear regression model | None |
Brad Rodu2012② | Utah, US | No | January 1, 1995 | 1991–1995 | Ages > 45 years | Enclosed indoor places of public access, bars exempted | No | 488,000 | 767 | 0.92 | 0.90–0.94 | ICD-9:410; ICD-10:I21 | Compressed Mortality File from the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) | Test for difference between two independent proportions | None |
California, US | January 1, 1995 | 1991–1995 | Enclosed workplaces and restaurants without bars | Yes | 9,100,000 | 17,656 | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | |||||||
South Dakota, US | July 1, 2002 | 1999–2003 | Most workplaces, bars and casinos exempted | No | 287,000 | 686 | 1.09 | 0.95–1.25 | |||||||
Delaware, US | November 27, 2002 | 1999–2003 | Most indoor public places, including restaurants and bars | No | 305,000 | 433 | 0.92 | 0.90–0.93 | |||||||
Florida, US | July 1, 2003 | 2000–2004 | Most indoor public places, including restaurants and bars | No | 720,000 | 10,073 | 0.91 | 0.91–0.92 | |||||||
New York, US | July 24, 2003 | 2000–2004 | All workplaces, including restaurants and bars | Yes | 720,000 | 10,347 | 0.88 | 0.83–0.93 | |||||||
Carl Bartecchi 2006 | Pueblo, United States | No | July 1, 2003 | January 1, 2002 - December 31,2004 | All | Inside the workplace and all buildings open to the public | Yes | 147,751 | – | 0.77 | 0.64–0.93 | ICD-9:410 | Health Statistics Section of the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment | Poisson regression model, with the test of linear contrasts between pre-ordinance and post-ordinance changes. | Time, location, time-by location interaction, and harmonics to account for seasonality |
Other locations | |||||||||||||||
Tania 2016③ | São Paulo city, Brazil | No | August 1, 2009 | January 2005- December, 2010 | All | Prohibited the use of cigarettes and other tobacco products in closed and semi-closed places, public and private, with the exception of residences, places of religious worship where smoking is part of the ceremony and sites designated for the consumption of tobacco products. | Yes | – | 39,177 | 0.95 | 0.93–0.96 | ICD-10: I21,I22,I23,I24 | Mortality Information System (SIM) | Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with exogenous variables (ARIMAX) with Interrupted Time Series Analysis (ITSA) | Total hospital admission, carbon monoxide, minimum temperature and air relative humidity |
TQ Thach | Hong Kong, China | No | 1 January 2007 | 1 January 2001–31 December 2011 | All | Workplaces including restaurants, bars, and pubs | No | – | – | 0.87 | 0.81–0.94 | ICD-10:I21 | Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) Government Census and Statistics Department | Poisson regression model | Age, gender |