Table 1 Child and maternal characteristics of 4-year-old offspring by child obesity status, n = 766
From: Overall gestational weight gain mediates the relationship between maternal and child obesity
Variable | Normal or Underweight | Overweight or Obese | p-valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 581 (76) | 185 (24) | Â |
Child Characteristics | |||
 Follow-up time (months)a | 63.5 (12.3) | 62.2 (12.8) | 0.295 |
 BMI z-scorea | −0.03 (0.70) | 1.54 (0.40) | <  0.001 |
 Males, n (%) | 318 (53) | 113 (54) | 0.821 |
 Birth weight (g)a | 3165 (657) | 3240 (615) | 0.121 |
Maternal Characteristics | |||
 Age at delivery (yrs)a | 28.7 (6.2) | 28.9 (6.3) | 0.970 |
Education | 0.013 | ||
 Less than high school | 109 (20) | 50 (28) |  |
 High school Diploma/GED | 112 (21) | 44 (24) |  |
 Some College | 122 (23) | 42 (23) |  |
 College Degree | 195 (36) | 45 (25) |  |
Race | 0.008 | ||
 Black | 257 (47) | 87 (47) |  |
 White | 185 (34) | 50 (27) |  |
 Hispanic | 78 (14) | 44 (24) |  |
 Other | 26 (5) | 4 (2) |  |
Body Mass Index (BMI)a | 27.2 (7.21) | 30.9 (8.4) | <  0.001 |
BMI Status | <  0.001 | ||
 Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 266 (49) | 56 (30) |  |
 Overweight (25–29.9 kg/m2) | 134 (25) | 47 (25) |  |
 Obese (≥ 30 kg/m2) | 146 (27) | 82 (44) |  |
Gestational Weight Gain | 0.018 | ||
 Less than Adequate | 107 (20) | 35 (19) |  |
 Adequate | 132 (24) | 29 (16) |  |
 Excessive | 291 (53) | 117 (63) |  |
Smoked during Pregnancy | 117 (22) | 47 (26) | 0.205 |
Gestational Diabetes | 39 (8) | 10 (6) | 0.527 |
Cesarean Section | 196 (36) | 80 (43) | 0.114 |
Gestational Age (weeks)a | 270 (17) | 270 (13) | 0.722 |
Parity | 0.357 | ||
 0 | 129 (36) | 58 (32) |  |
 1 | 179 (34) | 61 (33) |  |
 2 | 100 (19) | 35 (19) |  |
 ≥ 3 | 62 (11) | 30 (16) |  |
Ever Breastfed | 440 (82) | 150 (82) | 0.999 |