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Table 7 Result of log-linear regression model on cost of hospitalization in India, Bihar and Tamil Nadu

From: Do poor people in the poorer states pay more for healthcare in India?

Parameters

Model-1 (India)

Model-2 (Bihar)

Model-3 (Tamil Nadu)

 

Coef. 95% CI

Coef. 95% CI

Coef. 95% CI

Resident

Rural®

Urban

0.001 (−0.02, 0.03)

0.092(−0.02, 0.21)

0.041(− 0.04, 0.13)

Poverty and hospitalization

Non-poor & using private health centers®

   

Poor & using public health centers

−0.710***(− 0.75, − 0.67)

−0.683***(− 0.83, − 0.54)

−0.468**(− 0.85, − 0.09)

Poor & using private health centers

−0.197***(− 0.23, − 0.17

−0.280***(− 0.40, − 0.16)

− 0.245***(− 0.38, − 0.11)

Non-poor & using public health centers

−0.557***(− 0.59, − 0.52)

−0.473***(− 0.60, − 0.34)

−0.294(− 0.67, 0.08)

Age

15–59®

<=14

−0.075***(− 0.11, − 0.04)

− 0.015(− 0.15, 0.12)

0.056(− 0.08, 0.19)

60+

0.043**(0.01, 0.07)

0.080(− 0.07, 0.23)

− 0.029(− 0.13, 0.07)

Sex

Male®

Female

− 0.151***(− 0.17, − 0.13)

−0.256***(− 0.36, − 0.15)

−0.082(− 0.17, 0.00)

Religion

Hindu®

Muslim

−0.049**(− 0.08, − 0.01)

−0.084(− 0.23, 0.07)

0.054(− 0.09, 0.20)

Others

0.113***(0.07, 0.16)

0.189(− 0.23, 0.60)

− 0.020(− 0.18, 0.14)

Caste

SC/ST®

OBC/Other

0.083***(0.06, 0.11)

0.235(0.12, 0.35)

0.021(− 0.08, 0.12)

Surgery

Not received®

Free/partly free

0.449***(0.41, 0.49)

0.234**(0.04, 0.43)

0.469***(0.33, 0.61)

On payment

0.846***(0.82, 0.87)

0.696***(0.59, 0.80)

0.924***(0.83, 1.02)

Medicine

Not received®

Free/partly free

−0.011(− 0.20, 0.18)

0.320(− 0.23, 0.87)

0.013(− 0.84, 0.87)

On payment

0.793***(0.60, 0.98)

0.797**(0.25, 1.34)

1.386**(0.49, 2.28)

X-ray

Not received®

Free/partly free

0.365***(0.32, 0.41)

0.445(0.26, 0.63)

0.270(0.14, 0.40)

On payment

0.607***(0.58, 0.63)

0.550***(0.44, 0.66)

0.684***(0.57, 0.80)

Diagnostic

Not received®

Free/partly free

0.133***(0.09, 0.18)

0.041(− 0.12, 0.21)

0.118(− 0.06, 0.30)

On payment

0.632***(0.60, 0.66)

0.569***(0.45, 0.69)

0.529***(0.38, 0.68)

Insurance

No health insurance®

Not reimbursed

0.053***(0.03, 0.08)

−0.021(− 0.12, 0.08)

0.080(−0.08, 0.24)

Reimbursed

0.515***(0.46, 0.57)

0.485**(0.13, 0.84)

0.427***(0.19, 0.66)

Diseases

Cancer®

Bone disease

−0.843***(− 0.96,-0.73)

−1.360***(−1.85, − 0.87)

− 0.409(− 0.82, 0.00)

Diabetes

− 0.875***(− 1.00, − 0.75)

−1.629***(− 2.28, − 0.98)

− 0.402(− 0.82, 0.01)

Fever

−1.098***(− 1.20, − 0.99)

−1.804***(− 2.30, − 1.31)

− 0.667**(− 1.06, − 0.27)

High Blood Pressure

−1.086***(− 1.21, − 0.96)

−1.588***(− 2.21, − 0.97)

− 0.555**(− 1.08, − 0.03)

Accident

−0.899***(− 1.00, − 0.80)

−1.606***(− 2.07, − 1.15)

− 0.426**(− 0.82, − 0.04)

Jaundice

−0.681***(− 0.80, − 0.56)

− 1.472***(− 2.03, − 0.92)

0.120(− 0.34, 0.58)

Respiratory Diseases

−0.960***(− 1.07, − 0.85)

−1.592***(− 2.10, − 1.09)

− 0.487**(− 0.91, − 0.06)

Heart Diseases

−0.446(− 0.55, − 0.34)

−0.913***(− 1.42, 0.41)

0.043(− 0.36, 0.45)

Eye Diseases

− 1.664***(− 1.55, − 2.062)

− 2.062***(− 2.54, − 1.58)

−1.440***(− 1.83, − 1.05)

Tuberculosis

−0.683***(− 0.83, − 0.56)

−1.685***(− 2.22, − 1.16)

− 0.400(− 1.02, 0.22)

Blood disease

− 0.754***(− 0.88, − 0.62)

−1.158***(− 1.67, − 0.64)

− 0.328(− 0.84, 0.18)

Neurological

−0.609***(− 0.72, − 0.50)

−1.124***(− 1.63, − 0.62)

− 0.120(− 0.55, 0.31)

Others

−0.982***(− 1.08, − 0.88)

−1.641***(− 2.09, − 1.19)

− 0.293(− 0.68, 0.09)

Constant

8.446***(8.23, 8.66)

8.977***(8.25, 9.71)

7.390***(6.39, 8.39)

  1. ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05.® Reference category. CI Confidence Interval