Table 1 Baseline data
|  | CEP (n = 26) | Control (n = 24) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 69.1 ± 2.9 | 68.9 ± 2.2 | 0.781 |
Gender (male/female) | 11 / 15 | 9 / 15 | 0.729 |
Height (cm) | 158.4 ± 8.2 | 158.8 ± 8.9 | 0.876 |
Weight (kg) | 58.7 ± 11.9 | 55.6 ± 8.6 | 0.309 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.2 ± 3.2 | 22.0 ± 2.2 | 0.120 |
Employed (%) | 42.3 | 41.7 | 0.963 |
Comorbidities | |||
 Hypertension (%) | 42.3 | 12.5 | 0.019 |
 Dyslipidemia (%) | 34.6 | 25.0 | 0.459 |
 Diabetes (%) | 11.5 | 12.5 | 0.917 |
Musculoskeletal diseases | |||
 Osteoarthritis of the knee (%) | 11.5 | 8.3 | 0.706 |
 Osteoarthritis of the hip (%) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.000 |
 Osteoporosis (%) | 15.4 | 12.5 | 0.769 |
 Lumbar spinal stenosis (%) | 15.4 | 12.5 | 0.769 |
 VAS for knee pain (mm) | 0.0 (0.0–10.0) | 0.0 (0.0–13.8) | 0.867 |
 VAS for back pain (mm) | 0.0 (0.0–45.0) | 0.0 (0.0–41.5) | 0.812 |
 Grip strength (kg) | 30.4 ± 9.0 | 30.2 ± 8.9 | 0.947 |
 Walking velocity (m/sec) | 1.3 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.119 |
 YAM (%) | 76.7 ± 15.9 | 76.1 ± 11.6 | 0.895 |
 Self-efficacy for exercise | 11.0 (9.0–13.3) | 13.0 (12.0–15.8) | 0.064 |
 Stage of change for exercise behavior | 2.0 (2.0–2.0) | 2.0 (2.0–2.8) | 0.578 |