Fig. 1

Sampling and recruitment methodology employed. ARND = alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder; CBCL = Child Behavior Checklist; FAS = fetal alcohol syndrome; FASD = fetal alcohol spectrum disorder; pFAS = partial fetal alcohol syndrome. *Four students were removed from the group of typically developing control children following Phase II because two students were found to have pre-existing neurodevelopmental disorders (1 had attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and 1 had speech delay), 1 was identified to have suspected ARND, and 1 was considered to be a deferred case