Long run height and education implications of early life growth faltering: a synthetic panel analysis of 425 birth cohorts in 21 low- and middle-income countries

Table 3 Multivariable Regressions for the Association between Cohort Average Under-5 HAZ and Educational Attainment in Adulthood

	[1]	[2]	[3]	[4]
VARIABLES	Fully Adjusted Pooled Sample	Fully Adjusted Pooled Sample + Adult Height	Fully Adjusted Pooled Sample WOMEN	Fully Adjusted Pooled Sample MEN
Under-5 HAZ	0.269	−0.269	0.308	0.315
Under-5 HAZ	(−0.676–1.215)	(−1.663–1.125)	(−0.760–1.376)	(−0.540–1.170)
Controls
Child Cohort Characteristics
Pct. urban at childhood	−2.874***	−3.646***	− 3.538***	− 2.048***
Pct. urban at childhood	(− 3.988 - -1.759)	(−5.339 - -1.954)	(− 4.792 - -2.283)	(− 3.121 - -0.975)
Pct. electricity at childhood	0.761	0.319	0.562	0.857*
Pct. electricity at childhood	(−0.234–1.755)	(− 0.878–1.517)	(−0.660–1.784)	(−0.0280–1.742)
Avg. mat. Educ. at childhood	0.758***	1.144***	1.015***	0.456***
Avg. mat. Educ. at childhood	(0.456–1.060)	(0.672–1.617)	(0.653–1.376)	(0.225–0.687)
Log income at childhood	0.275	0.0512	0.154	0.404*
Log income at childhood	(−0.130–0.681)	(−0.423–0.526)	(−0.296–0.604)	(−0.000473–0.808)
Adult Respondent Characteristics
Female (1 = yes)	−0.953***	0.842***
Female (1 = yes)	(−1.194 - -0.713)	(0.237–1.447)
Urban (1 = yes)	2.798***	2.827***	2.973***	2.529***
Urban (1 = yes)	(2.479–3.118)	(2.457–3.196)	(2.675–3.271)	(2.168–2.890)
Adult height (cm)		0.0783***
Adult height (cm)		(0.0678–0.0887)
Observations	104,359	33,998	56,137	48,222
R-squared	0.389	0.429	0.443	0.315

*** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
Notes: The outcome variable in all regressions is attained education in years. All models are estimated using ordinary least squares, with 95% confidence intervals presented in parentheses. Standard errors are clustered at the country-region-survey year level. Column 1 presents results for the full sample, while columns 3 and 4 present results for the subsample of women and men, respectively

ISSN: 1471-2458