Community-and proximate-level factors associated with perinatal mortality in Nigeria: evidence from a nationwide household survey

Table 3 Estimated PAR for each of the variables significantly related to perinatal mortality in Nigeria, 2008–2013

Variable	n*Ψ	aOR*	PAR (95% CI)
Community-level factors
Residence type
Urban	29.2	Ref
Rural	70.8	1.33	0.176 (0.065–0.282)
Proximate-level factors
Mother’s age
30–39	32.5	Ref
< 20	8.3	1.27
20–29	46.1	0.94
40–49	13.2	1.35	0.034 (0.006–0.068)
Mother’s body mass index (MBMI)
Normal (18.5 ≤ MBMI ≤24.9)	64.4	Ref
Underweight (MBMI > 18.5)	7	0.77
Overweight (25 ≤ MBMI ≤29.9)	17	1.12
Obese (MBMI ≥30)	11.6	1.46	0.037 (0.010–0.0702)
Birth rank and birth interval
2 or 3 child, interval > 2	11.4	Ref
First child	18.4	1.81	0.082 (0.048–0.137)
2 or 3 child, interval ≤ 2	7.7	1.76	0.033 (0.016–0.055)
4 or more child, interval > 2	16.8	0.94
4 or more child, interval ≤ 2	12.5	1.86	0.058 (0.032–0.088)
Child sex
Female	28.5	Ref
Male	38.4	1.45	0.119 (0.070–0.170)
Mother’s perceived baby size
Average or larger	44.5	Ref
Small or very small	16.9	1.92	0.081 (0.053–0.114)
Mode of delivery
Non-caesarean	62.4	Ref
Caesarean section⁺	3.5	2.85	0.023 (0.013–0.038)

*Weighted proportion of perinatal deaths
Ψ variable proportion did not add up to 100 due to missing values
*The adjusted model included place of residence; geopolitical zone; household wealth index; mother’s (marital status, education, working status, age, body mass index, desire for pregnancy); father’s education; child sex; place of birth; delivery assistance; mode of delivery; child’s body size at birth; birth order and birth interval and cooking fuel
aOR adjusted odds ratio, PAR population-attributable risk, Ref reference category

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