Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants
Intervention group | Control group | |
|---|---|---|
No. of participants | 245 | 238 |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 46.1 ± 8.1 | 44.8 ± 8.2 |
Women | 130 (53.1) | 124 (52.1) |
Ethnicity | ||
Sinhalese | 234 (95.5) | 226 (95.0) |
Tamil | 10 (4.1) | 11 (4.6) |
Muslim or others | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) |
Religion | ||
Buddhism | 218 (89.0) | 218 (91.6) |
Hindu | 7 (2.9) | 10 (4.2) |
Roman Catholic/Christian | 19 (7.8) | 10 (4.2) |
Islam | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) |
Education attainment | ||
Primary level (grade 1–5) | 34 (13.9) | 29 (12.2) |
Junior high school | 145 (59.2) | 150 (63.0) |
High school or higher | 66 (26.9) | 59 (24.8) |
Household income (Rp/month)a | ||
≤40,000 | 200 (81.6) | 200 (84.0) |
40,001–60,000 | 32 (13.1) | 25 (10.5) |
≥60,001 | 13 (5.3) | 13 (5.5) |
Current workers | 123 (50.2) | 137 (57.6) |
Current diseases | ||
Type 2 diabetes | 42 (17.1) | 39 (16.4) |
Dyslipidemia | 25 (10.2) | 33 (13.9) |
Hypertension | 55 (22.5) | 47 (19.8) |
BMI categories | ||
<18.5 kg/m2 | 21 (8.6) | 20 (8.4) |
18.5–24.9 kg/m2 | 110 (44.9) | 103 (43.3) |
25.0–29.9 kg/m2 | 85 (34.7) | 86 (36.1) |
≥30 kg/m2 | 29 (11.8) | 29 (12.2) |
Primary outcomes | ||
Body weight (kg), mean ± SD | 63.3 ± 13.7 | 62.7 ± 12.7 |
BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.0 ± 4.9 | 24.9 ± 4.6 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 127.3 ± 18.8 | 126.7 ± 20.7 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD | 83.4 ± 10.9 | 83.6 ± 12.7 |
Secondary outcomes | ||
Physical activity | ||
Leisure-time physical activities, recommended levelb | 47 (19.2) | 43 (18.1) |
Sedentary times (minutes/day), median (IQR) | 180 (120, 300) | 180 (120, 300) |
Dietary intake | ||
Vegetables, ≥ two servings/day | 83 (33.9) | 92 (38.7) |
Fruits, ≥ one serving/day | 84 (34.3) | 86 (36.1) |
Snacks, ≥ twice/day | 90 (36.7) | 91 (38.2) |
Sugar-sweetened beverages, ≥ once/day | 20 (8.2) | 15 (6.3) |
Current smoking | 38 (15.5) | 36 (15.1) |
Alcohol intake, > low risk of drinking levelc | 11 (16.9) | 18 (26.9) |